Medizinische/biologische Studie (experimentelle Studie)

GSM and DCS Wireless Communication Signals: Combined Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Study in the Wistar Rat med./bio.

[GSM- und DCS-Drahtlos-Kommunikations-Signale: Kombinierte chronische Toxizitäts-/Kanzerogenitäts-Studie bei der Wistar-Ratte]

Von: Smith P, Kuster N, Ebert S, Chevalier HJ

Veröffentlicht in: Radiat Res 2007; 168 (4): 480-492

Ziel der Studie (lt. Redakteur)

Es sollten die Wirkungen von GSM- und DCS-Signalen der drahtlosen Kommunikation auf die Kanzerogenität bei Ratten untersucht werden.

Hintergrund/weitere Details

Insgesamt wurden 1200 Ratten verwendet. Gruppen von 65 Männchen und 65 Weibchen wurden bei GSM- und DCS-Signalen bei drei verschiedenen SAR-Werten (4 W/kg, 1.33 W/kg, 0.44 W/kg) exponiert. Zusätzlich gab es für jeden Signal-Typen eine Schein-Expositions-Gruppe. Eine zusätzliche Gruppe von 65 Männchen und 65 Weibchen wurden nicht exponiert und nicht-fixiert als Käfigkontrolle gehalten.

Endpunkt

Krebs: Kanzerogenität

Exposition/Befeldung (teilweise nur auf Englisch)

Exposition	Parameter
Exposition 1: 902 MHz Modulationsart: gepulst Expositionsdauer: täglich wiederholte Exposition, 2 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche für 52 oder 104 Wochen	SAR: 3,7 W/kg Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) SAR: 1,23 W/kg Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) SAR: 0,41 W/kg Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper)
Exposition 2: 1.747 MHz Modulationsart: gepulst Expositionsdauer: täglich wiederholte Exposition, 2 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche für 52 oder 104 Wochen	SAR: 4 W/kg Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) SAR: 1,33 W/kg Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper) SAR: 0,44 W/kg Mittelwert über Zeit (Ganzkörper)

Allgemeine Informationen

The GSM and DCS experiments were conducted in adjacent rooms, each having 16 exposure units installed. A placement rotation scheme was applied to all rats in order to minimize dose differences due to signal differences within and between exposure units.

Exposition 1

Hauptcharakteristika

Frequenz	902 MHz
Typ	elektromagnetisches Feld
Charakteristik	gerichtetes Feld
Expositionsdauer	täglich wiederholte Exposition, 2 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche für 52 oder 104 Wochen

Modulation

Modulationsart	gepulst
Zusatzinfo	GSM signal

Expositionsaufbau

Expositionsquelle	Hohlraumresonator Wellenleiter
Kammer	The exposure unit for up to 17 animals consisted of a circular cascade of 17 electromagnetically isolated and resonant waveguides (terminated by stainless steel wires), all excited by one quarter-loop antenna placed in the center and providing uniform circular excitation (maximum deviation of isotropy of ±0.2 dB).
Aufbau	Rats were individually restrained in horizontal position in metal-free polycarbonate tubes and were positioned in optimal H-polarization with their centers of mass at 150 ± 2 mm from the shortcut thus providing a reasonably homogeneous exposure for varying sizes. Missing animals were replaced with a dummy (container simulating the absorption characteristics) to minimise imbalances of the excitations.
Schein-Exposition	Eine Schein-Exposition wurde durchgeführt.
Zusatzinfo	The RF signals were generated by a digital GSM/DCS signal generator combined with a frame generator and control unit [Kainz et al., 2006]. Each slot was modulated with a random code.

Parameter

Messgröße	Wert	Typ	Methode	Masse	Bemerkungen
SAR	3,7 W/kg	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	1,23 W/kg	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	0,41 W/kg	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-

Zusätzliche Parameterdetails

Each exposure session was divided into three phases of 40 min: (1) GSM Basic (non-DTX) mode with one slot active per basic frame and each 26th basic frame idle. (2) GSM Talk mode consisting of temporal changes between the non-DTX (average 10.8 s) and DTX (average 5.6 s) modes. (3) GSM Environment mode consisting of a GSM Talk signal further amplitude-modulated by a power control function statistically based on measurements performed by France Telecom [Wiart et al., 2000]. The peak (slot-averaged) SAR level for all three phases was the same, however, the resulting average SARs varied: 100% (GSM Basic), 70% (GSM Talk), and 26% (GSM Environment). The SAR values indicated above are those for GSM Basic. The SAR levels in the GSM study had to be decreased in three steps over time since the body weight increase of the rats was greater than predicted and the available power was insufficient to maintain 4 W/kg. So, the SAR (GSM Basic) averaged over the entire exposure period was only 3.7 W/kg for the high-dose group. The SAR values for the medium- and low-dose groups were also adjusted accordingly to keep the target ratio of three between the dose groups.

Mess- und Berechnungsdetails

During exposure, the electric field strength inside the waveguide cavity was monitored and controlled almost continuously at two different places. A new methodology was used to obtain comprehensive dosimetric information for whole-body and peak spatial SAR as well as the averaged values for the most important organs including the uncertainty as well as the instant and life-long variations [Kuster et al., 2006].

Exposition 2

Hauptcharakteristika

Frequenz	1.747 MHz
Typ	elektromagnetisches Feld
Charakteristik	gerichtetes Feld
Expositionsdauer	täglich wiederholte Exposition, 2 h/Tag, 5 Tage/Woche für 52 oder 104 Wochen

Modulation

Modulationsart	gepulst
Zusatzinfo	DCS signal

Expositionsaufbau

Expositionsquelle	gleicher Aufbau wie Exposition 1
Schein-Exposition	Eine Schein-Exposition wurde durchgeführt.

Parameter

Messgröße	Wert	Typ	Methode	Masse	Bemerkungen
SAR	4 W/kg	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	1,33 W/kg	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-
SAR	0,44 W/kg	Mittelwert über Zeit	berechnet und gemessen	Ganzkörper	-

Zusätzliche Parameterdetails

The peak (slot-averaged) SAR level for all three phases was the same (33.2 W/kg for the high-dose group), however, the resulting average SARs varied: 100% (GSM Basic), 70% (GSM Talk), and 26% (GSM Environment). The SAR values indicated above are those for GSM Basic.

Referenzartikel

Kainz W et al. (2006): Development of novel whole-body exposure setups for rats providing high efficiency, National Toxicology Program (NTP) compatibility and well-characterized exposure
Kuster N et al. (2006): Methodology of detailed dosimetry and treatment of uncertainty and variations for in vivo studies
Wiart J et al. (2000): Analysis of the influence of the power control and discontinuous transmission on RF exposure with GSM mobile phones

Exponiertes System:

Methoden Endpunkt/Messparameter/Methodik

Krebs: primäre/gutartige/maligne Neoplasmen (Inzidenz, Latenz, Vielzahl); tastbare Geschwüre; Anzahl der Ratten mit Metastasen
morphologische/histopathologische Veränderungen: histopathologische Untersuchung (Hämatoxylin-Eosin-Färbung; Lichtmikroskopie)
Mortalitäts-Rate; klinische Anzeichen (z.B. Verhalten; Wirkungen auf Atmung, Kreislauf, ZNS), klinische pathologische Untersuchung (Hämatologie, klinische Biochemie); Körper- und Organ-Gewicht; Futter-Verbrauch; opthalmoskopische Untersuchung

Untersuchtes System:

Gewebeschnitt (in vitro)
isoliertes Organ (in vitro)
Blut-Proben
Untersuchung am lebenden Organismus

Untersuchtes Organsystem:

Untersuchungszeitpunkt:

während der Befeldung
nach der Befeldung

Hauptergebnis der Studie (lt. Autor)

Die Studie lieferte keine Evidenz für eine Wirkung der hochfrequenten elektromagnetischen Feld-Exposition unter den vorliegenden Bedingungen auf die Inzidenz oder Ernsthaftigkeit einer nicht-neoplastischen Kondition oder den Typ, die Inzidenz, die Vielzahl und Latenz einer neoplastischen Läsion.

Studienmerkmale:

medizinische/biologische Studie
experimentelle Studie
Voll-/Hauptstudie
Doppelblind-Studie

Studie gefördert durch

European Project PERFORM-A
European Union (EU)/European Commission
GSM Association, UK/Ireland
Mobile Manufacturers Forum (MMF), Belgium
State Secretariat for Education and Research (SER; Staatssekretariat für Bildung und Forschung), Switzerland

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