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研究目的（著者による）
The effects of prenatal exposure of mice to a static or 50 Hz magnetic field on the embryonic development should be investigated.
詳細情報
The study comprised an in vivo and an in vitro part. For the in vivo part, pregnant mice were divided into the following groups (n=10 for each method and time of investigation, total number unclear): exposure to a 1) 1 mT 50 Hz magnetic field, 2) 1 mT static magnetic field, 3) 10 mT 50 Hz magnetic field, 4) 10 mT static magnetic field and 5) sham exposure. Embryos were collected and examined after 5, 8, 12 and 20 days of exposure. In addition, 50 non-pregnant mice were exposed to the same fields (n=10 each) but no detailed results were shown. For the in vitro part, embryoid bodies, aggregations of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells, were used as models for embryonic development and were exposed to the same fields: 6) 1 mT 50 Hz magnetic field, 7) 1 mT static magnetic field, 8) 10 mT 50 Hz magnetic field, 9) 10 mT static magnetic field and 10) sham exposure. In the in vitro tests, cells were also treated with p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK-1/2 inhibitors and free radical scavengers to examine the signal pathways.
high enough cages made of dielectric, transparent plastic
ばく露装置の詳細
ten mice were placed in 2 cages (5 mice per cage) in homogeneous field; coils were wound on tubes from polyvinylchloride (PVC), which shielded against emission of electric fields; temperature changes in exposure chamber was 1°C ± 0.5°C
分子生合成: protein expression of caspase-3 (marker for apoptosis), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Flk-1 (VEGF receptor) (markers for embryonic development), ERK 1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, marker for blood vessel formation) in embryoid bodies and VEGF protein expression in liver, lung, kidney and eyes of fetuses after 20 days (immunofluorescence stain, fluorescence microscopy)
胚／胎児への影響: birth weight, crown-rump length (after 12 and 20 days), embryonal development (histological sections of uteri 5 and 8 days after conception; hematoxylin-eosin stain, microscopy), additionally, see "molecular biosynthesis" and "morphological/histopathological changes"
形態学/組織学的変化: general histology of liver, lung, eye, ovary and uterus from fetuses and mothers after 20 days (percentages of abnormal organs, follicle count and number of implantation sites and resorbed/living/dead fetuses in uteri, hematoxylin-eosin stain, microscopy)
reactive oxygen species production in embryoid bodies (fluorescein stain, confocal microscopy), body weight of mothers during exposure
In the 10 mT static and 50 Hz magnetic field groups (groups 3 and 4), a significantly increased number of resorbed and dead fetuses, pronounced histological alterations, reduced blood vessel formation and a significantly reduced VEGF protein expression in all organs compared to the sham exposure group were found. Additionally, a significantly reduced crown-rump length and body weight of fetuses were found in group 4 compared to the sham exposure group after 20 days. This was not observed in 1 mT magnetic fields (groups 1 and 2) but instead, VEGF expression in the ovary was significantly increased compared to the sham exposure group. In embryoid bodies, exposure to 10 mT static or 50 Hz fields (groups 8 and 9) significantly increased reactive oxygen species (6-fold increase) and apoptosis, while significantly decreasing the blood vessel formation and VEGF expression compared to the sham exposure group. In groups 6 and 7 (exposure of embryoid bodies to 1 mT static or 50 Hz fields), reactive oxygen species were also significantly increased compared to the sham exposure group but only a 2-fold increase was measured, and the expression of VEGF was significantly increased. Treatment with inhibitors showed that reactive oxygen species were involved in the magnetic field-induced signal transduction, which led to activation of VEGF. The authors conclude that prenatal exposure of mice to high (10 mT) static or 50 Hz magnetic field might have adverse effects on the embryonic development. VEGF is possibly an important mediator in these effects.
