Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dasdag S et al. | 2009 | 動物, rat/Wistar albino, 身体の一部: head | apoptosis and oxidative stress in the brain | 900 MHz | 0.17–0.58 W/kg | continuous for 2 hr/day, 7 days/week for 10 months | 移動体通信システム, 携帯電話, GSM, マイクロ波 |
Esmekaya MA et al. | 2017 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | apoptosis and underlying mechanisms of action | 2.1 GHz | 0.528 W/kg | - | W-CDMA, 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波, RF電磁界 |
Köktürk S et al. | 2013 | 動物, rat/Wistar albino, 全身 | apoptosis in the cerebellum | 900 MHz | - | 30 min/day until rats were 80 days old | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Cig B et al. | 2015 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, MCF-7 (human breast cancer cell line) | apoptosis, cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration, generation of reactive oxygen species | 900 MHz | 0.18–0.58 mW/kg | continuous for 1 hour | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, W-LAN/WiFi, 2.45 GHz |
Dogan M et al. | 2012 | 動物, rat/Wistar, 全身 | brain metabolism, oxidative stress, histopathology and apoptosis in the brain | 1.9 Hz–2.2 GHz | - | every day two times 20 min (1x talking, 1x listening mode) from day 2 to day 21 | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Lantow M et al. | 2006 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, Mono Mac 6 cells (human monocytes) | cell cycle (cell cycle phase, proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis) | 1,800 MHz | 2 W/kg | continuous for 12 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Cranfield CG et al. | 2003 | 細菌, magnetite-containing bacteria (<i>Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum</i>), nonmagnetic bacteria (<i>CC-26 strain of Proteobacteria</i>) | cell mortality | 1.8 GHz | 2 W/kg | continuous for 30 min | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Hoyto A et al. | 2008 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, murine L929 fibroblast cells | cell proliferation and apoptosis | 872 MHz | 5 W/kg | 1 h and 24 h for ODC measurement, 24 h for proliferation measurement, 1 h for caspase-3 activity measurement | GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界, CW 連続波, PW パルス波 |
Lee SS et al. | 2014 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human adipose derived stem cells | cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation | 2.4 GHz | 240 mW/kg | continuous for 10 hours/day for 5 days | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム, W-LAN/WiFi |
Hoyto A et al. | 2008 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) and mouse fibroblasts (L929) | cell proliferation, cell death | 872 MHz | 5 W/kg | continuous for 1 or 24 h | デジタル携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Merola P et al. | 2006 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, LAN-5 (human neuroblastoma cells) | cell proliferation; apoptosis, cell differentiation | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 24, 48 and 72 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Atasoy A et al. | 2009 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養 | cell surface antigenic structures, cell viability, cell proliferation, apoptosis | 450 MHz | - | continuous for 2 hr, 6 hr or 24 hr | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, RF電磁界 |
Liu ML et al. | 2011 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, primary cortical neurons (of rat) | cell viability and cell death of neurons | 1,800 MHz | - | continuous for 6 x 2 h/day on 2 days | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Esmekaya MA et al. | 2013 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human breast fibroblasts | cell viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential | 2.1 GHz | 0.607 W/kg | continuous for 4 or 24 hours | W-CDMA, 移動体通信システム, マイクロ波 |
Liu YX et al. | 2015 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, U251-MG, U87-MG, T98G and A127 (human glioblastoma cell lines) | cellular parameters <i>in vitro</i> and tumorigenesis <i>in vivo</i> | 1,950 MHz | 5 W/kg | continuous for 12 hours | 携帯電話, CDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Calabro E et al. | 2012 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma cell line) | cellular stress response (heat shock protein expression, cell viability and apoptosis) | 1,760 MHz | 0.086 W/kg | continuous for 2 h and 4 h | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Hussein S et al. | 2016 | 動物, rat | changes and damage in the rat brain | 1,800 MHz | 0.6 W/kg | continuous for 120 min/day for three months | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Terro F et al. | 2012 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, primary cerebral cortical cells (neurons and astrocytes) of rat embryos | chaperone-mediated auto-phagocytosis, apoptosis | 900 MHz | 0.25 W/kg | continuous for 24 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム, PW パルス波 |
Lee JS et al. | 2016 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, HT22 (mouse hippocampus neuronal cells) | cytotoxicity | 837–1,950 MHz | 2 W/kg | continuous for 2 hours | 携帯電話, CDMA, W-CDMA, 移動体通信システム, 非EMF, 共ばく露 |
Umur AS et al. | 2013 | 動物, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), 全身 | development of the neural tube | - | 0.77 W/kg | standby mode for 30, 48 or 72 hours | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
Chen C et al. | 2014 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, embryonic neural stem cells (mouse/BALB/c) | differentiation, cell growth and cell viability of neural stem cells | 1,800 MHz | 1–4 W/kg | intermittent for 1 to 3 days (5 min field on, 10 min field off) | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Fasseas MK et al. | 2015 | 無脊椎動物, nematode (<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>)/N2 (wild type), DR1572, DR26, TK22, CL4176, NL5901, RB864, CL2070 (<i>hsp-16.2</i>), CF1553 (<i>sod-3</i>), SJ4005 (<i>hsp-4</i>), LG333 (<i>skn-1</i>), LD1171 (<i>gcs-1</i>) and CL2166 (<i>gst-4</i>) | effects on fertility, neurodegeneration, short-term memory, chemotaxis, stress, apoptosis, life span and growth of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> | 1,780–1,800 MHz | - | continuous for 0.5, 1, 3, 6 or 24 h | 携帯電話, GSM, 移動体通信システム, PW パルス波, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi |
Capri M et al. | 2004 | 無傷細胞/細胞培養, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells | effects on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential; heat shock protein 70) | 1,800 MHz | 1.4–2 W/kg | intermittent, 10 min on/20 min off, for 44 h | GSM, 移動体通信システム |
Kim TH et al. | 2008 | 動物, mouse/C57BL, 身体の一部: head | effects on the brain (cell proliferation, cell death / apoptosis, distribution of neurons and glia cells) | 849 MHz | 1.55–7.8 W/kg | repeated daily exposure, 1 h/day, 5 days/week, for 6 or 12 months | デジタル携帯電話, PCS, CDMA, 移動体通信システム |
Odaci E et al. | 2015 | 動物, rat/Sprague-Dawley, 全身 | histology, apoptosis and oxidative stress in the testes | 900 MHz | 0.025 W/kg | continuous for 1 hour/day for 30 days | 携帯電話, 移動体通信システム |
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