この研究は、様々な高周波電磁界発生源をそのままばく露装置としてショウジョウバエを入れたバイアルに近接させて置き､短時間ばく露を3-7日間行い、ショウジョウバエの卵形性への影響を調べた。実験に用いた発生源は、GSM 900/1800 MHz携帯電話、1880-1900 MHz DECTコードレス電話の親機、 同電話の子機、携帯電話とコードレス電話子機との組合せ、2.44 GHz無線ネットワーク（Wi-Fi）、2.44 GHzブルートゥース、92.8 MHz FM発信器、27.15 MHzベビーモニタ、 900 MHz 連続波発信器、電子レンジの2.44GHzと磁界成分である。発生源とバイアルの距離、ばく露時間などを変化させて全部で280回の実験を行い、再現性も確認したと述べている。対照バイアルはファラデーケージ内に置いた。その結果、用いた全ての発生源が多産能力およびアポトーシス誘導に有意な影響を与え、それはICNIRPガイドライン値を大きく下回る低レベル（ブルートゥースの0.3 V/m）においても見られた､と報告している。
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To investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from different sources on the reproduction of the fruit fly Drosophila spec..
In total, 280 experiments were conducted in which the exposure source, the distance between the source and fruit fly, and the duration were varied. Partially, different exposure sources were used simultaneously or consecutively (see "Field characteristics").
The experiment started with newly emerged flies in glass vials, males and females seperately, respectively. After three days, male and female flies were transferred into a common vial for mating. Exposure was performed with the start of the experiment (otherwise stated).
To assess the number of viable F1 pupae, parent flies were removed at the sixth day of exposure (or later if exposure lasted more than six days). The vials with the developing embryos were kept in a culture room to count the number of F1 pupae developed in every vial until day 22 of the experiment.
For detection of apoptosis in follicles, adult female flies were removed out of the vial five hours after the last exposure and anesthetized for removing the ovaries.
| ばく露 | パラメータ |
|---|---|
|
ばく露1:
900 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
ばく露時間:
6 or 12 minutes daily for 1 (3rd day of experiment only), or 3 days (D. virilis) (follicles); 6 minutes daily for 7 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae)
GSM mobile phone
|
|
|
ばく露2:
1,880–1,900 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
ばく露時間:
30 min daily for 5 days (D. melanogaster) or 9 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily for 5 days (D. melanogaster) or 45 min daily for 4 days (D. virilis) (follicles)
DECT base station
|
|
|
ばく露3:
1,880–1,900 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
ばく露時間:
30 min daily for 5 days (D. melanogaster) or 30 min daily for 9 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae); 45 min daily for 4 days (D. virilis) (follicles)
DECT handset
|
|
|
ばく露4:
2,400–2,483 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
ばく露時間:
30 min daily for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles)
bluetooth coupled with a GSM mobile phone during a call
|
|
|
ばく露5:
2,400–2,480 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
ばく露時間:
60 min daily for 7 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 60 min daily for 7 days (D. melanogaster) or 20 min daily for 4 days (D. virilis) (follicles)
Wi-Fi
|
|
|
ばく露6:
92.8 MHz
Modulation type:
FM
ばく露時間:
30 min daily for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles)
FM signal
|
|
|
ばく露7:
2,400–2,480 MHz
ばく露時間:
10 min daily for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 10 min daily for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles)
microwave oven
|
|
|
ばく露8:
900 MHz
Modulation type:
CW
ばく露時間:
20 min daily for 5 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae)
CW
|
|
|
ばく露9:
27.15 MHz
ばく露時間:
3 x 10 min with brakes of 10 min in between daily for 5 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae)
baby monitor
|
|
|
ばく露10:
1,800–1,900 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
ばく露時間:
30 minutes daily DECT base station + 30 minutes daily mobile phone for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 30 minutes daily DECT base station + 30 minutes daily mobile phone for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles)
DECT base station and GSM mobile phone (consecutively)
|
|
|
ばく露11:
1,880–1,900 MHz
ばく露時間:
30 min daily for 9 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae)
DECT base station and DECT handset (simultaneously)
|
|
|
ばく露12:
1,800–1,900 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
ばく露時間:
30 min daily DECT handset + 30 min daily mobile phone for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily DECT handset + 30 min daily mobile phone for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles)
DECT handset and GSM mobile phone (consecutively)
|
|
|
ばく露13:
900–2,480 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
ばく露時間:
30 min daily for 9 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily for 7 days (D. virilis) (follicles)
bluetooth and GSM mobile phone (simultaneously)
|
|
|
ばく露14:
900 MHz
Modulation type:
CW
ばく露時間:
6 min daily for 4 days (D. virilis) (follicles)
CW and GSM mobile phone (simultaneously)
|
exposure took place in cylindrical glass vials of 2.5 cm diameter and 10 cm height
control flies were sham exposed in a Faraday cage and placed away from any emitting source.for; radiofrequency EF intensity was monitored inside this cage and found to be well below the normal background values; B-field extremely low frequency intensity was below 0.1 µT
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Repetition frequency | 217 Hz |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | fruit flies were exposed in a distance of 0, 10 or 20 cm; voice simulation was performed via radio playing |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Pulse width | 0.08 ms |
| Repetition frequency | 100 Hz |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | voice simulation was performed via radio playing |
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 電界強度 | 2.7 V/m | mean | 測定値 | - | - |
| 周波数 | 1,880–1,900 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 30 min daily for 5 days (D. melanogaster) or 30 min daily for 9 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae); 45 min daily for 4 days (D. virilis) (follicles) |
| Additional information | DECT handset |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Pulse width | 0.38 ms |
| Repetition frequency | 100 Hz |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | voice simulation was performed via radio playing |
| 周波数 | 2,400–2,483 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 30 min daily for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles) |
| Additional information | bluetooth coupled with a GSM mobile phone during a call |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | vials were put roundly close to the bluetooth device, which was coupled with a mobile phone during a call (no voice simulation necessary) |
| 周波数 | 2,400–2,480 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 60 min daily for 7 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 60 min daily for 7 days (D. melanogaster) or 20 min daily for 4 days (D. virilis) (follicles) |
| Additional information | Wi-Fi |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Pulse width | 1 ms |
| Repetition frequency | 10 Hz |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | vials were placed on top of the wireless router |
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 電界強度 | 2.1 V/m | mean | 測定値 | - | - |
| 周波数 | 92.8 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 30 min daily for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles) |
| Additional information | FM signal |
| Modulation type | FM |
|---|---|
| Modulation frequency | 20 kHz |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 電界強度 | 13 V/m | mean | 測定値 | - | - |
| 周波数 | 2,400–2,480 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 10 min daily for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 10 min daily for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles) |
| Additional information | microwave oven |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| Distance between exposed object and exposure source | 15 cm |
| ばく露装置の詳細 | glass vials with flies were 15 cm away from the oven; microwave oven under normal operating conditions (no food inside); voice simulation was performed via radio playing; for some experiments, the microwave oven was put in a Faraday cage which resulted in a reduced electrical field |
| 周波数 | 27.15 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 3 x 10 min with brakes of 10 min in between daily for 5 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae) |
| Additional information | baby monitor |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | antenna placed between the vials; voice simulation was performed via radio playing |
| 測定量 | 値 | 種別 | Method | Mass | 備考 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 電界強度 | 20 V/m | mean | 測定値 | - | - |
| 周波数 | 1,800–1,900 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 30 minutes daily DECT base station + 30 minutes daily mobile phone for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 30 minutes daily DECT base station + 30 minutes daily mobile phone for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles) |
| Additional information | DECT base station and GSM mobile phone (consecutively) |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | voice simulation was performed via radio playing |
| 周波数 | 1,880–1,900 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 30 min daily for 9 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae) |
| Additional information | DECT base station and DECT handset (simultaneously) |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | voice simulation was performed via radio playing |
| 周波数 | 1,800–1,900 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 30 min daily DECT handset + 30 min daily mobile phone for 6 days (D. melanogaster) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily DECT handset + 30 min daily mobile phone for 4 days (D. melanogaster) (follicles) |
| Additional information | DECT handset and GSM mobile phone (consecutively) |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | voice simulation was performed via radio playing |
| 周波数 | 900–2,480 MHz |
|---|---|
| タイプ |
|
| ばく露時間 | 30 min daily for 9 days (D. virilis) (F1 pupae); 30 min daily for 7 days (D. virilis) (follicles) |
| Additional information | bluetooth and GSM mobile phone (simultaneously) |
| ばく露の発生源／構造 |
|
|---|---|
| ばく露装置の詳細 | voice simulation was performed via radio playing |
In fruit flies exposed to an electromagnetic field (all sources), significant more apoptotic follicles were found in comparison to the unexposed control. Additionally, the number of viable F1 pupae was significantly decreased after exposure to the diverse electromagnetic field sources when compared to the control group. However, no cumulative effect was found when exposure duration was increased or different exposure sources were used one after the other.
The authors conclude that electromagnetic fields emitted from different sources could impair the reproduction of the fruit fly Drosophila spec..
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