To study the possible synergistic effects of radiofrequency exposure and ferrous chloride (iron ions were also used in previous studies: Brescia et al. 2009 and Zmyslony et al. 2004) on reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage.
Four groups were included: 1) sham exposure, 2) radiofrequency exposure, 3) chemical treatment, 4) chemical treatment and radiofrequency exposure. In the reactive oxygen species production experiments, the cells were exposed to radiofrequency and 10 µg/ml ferrous chloride for 1 h (group 4). In the comet assay experiments, the exposure time was 3 h and an additional chemical treatment (0.015% diethyl maleate (DEM)) was used to make DNA damage level observable. DEM decreases the cellular level of reduced glutathione (one of the main antioxidant systems against reactive oxygen species) and it was added 15 min before exposure to ferrous chloride and/or radiofrequency exposure.
Methyl methanesulfonate was used for positive control.
Exposure | Parameters |
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Exposure 1:
872 MHz
Modulation type:
CW
Exposure duration:
continuous for 1 h for the ROS production experiment; continuous for 3 hr for the comet assay experiment
|
|
Exposure 2:
872 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous for 1 h for the ROS production experiment; continuous for 3 hr for the comet assay experiment
|
|
Cells were treated in four groups: i) sham exposure ii) RF radiation iii) chemical treatment iv) chemical treatment + RF irradiation
Frequency | 872 MHz |
---|---|
Type | |
Exposure duration | continuous for 1 h for the ROS production experiment; continuous for 3 hr for the comet assay experiment |
Modulation type | CW |
---|
Exposure source | |
---|---|
Setup | 248 mm x 175 mm x 420 mm aluminum waveguide with heat exchanger; cells placed on the glass surface of the heat exchanger |
Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAR | 5 W/kg | - | - | - | - |
Frequency | 872 MHz |
---|---|
Type | |
Exposure duration | continuous for 1 h for the ROS production experiment; continuous for 3 hr for the comet assay experiment |
Additional info | GSM like field |
Modulation type | pulsed |
---|---|
Repetition frequency | 217 Hz |
Exposure source | |
---|---|
Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAR | 5 W/kg | - | - | - | - |
The data indicate that neither intracellular reactive oxygen species production, DNA damage nor cell viability in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were affected by continuous wave- or GSM-modulated radiofrequency exposure with or without co-exposure to ferrous chloride or ferrous chloride + DEM.
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