To study if 1800 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields can induce reactive oxygen species release and/or changes in heat shock protein 70 expression (to determine a possible inhibitor effect on free radical release) in human blood cells.
Human umbilical cord blood-derived monocytes and lymphocytes were used to examine reactive oxygen species release (cell stimulation with the phorbol ester tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA) was used as positive control). To study HSP70 expression human monocytes were exposed (heat treatment at 42°C was used as positive control).
Exposure | Parameters |
---|---|
Exposure 1:
1,800 MHz
Modulation type:
CW
Exposure duration:
continuous or intermittent (5 min on/off) for 30 or 45 min
|
|
Exposure 2:
1,800 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous or intermittent (5 min on/off) for 30 or 45 min
|
|
Exposure 3:
1,800 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous or intermittent (5 min on/off) for 30 or 45 min
|
|
The cells were exposed to CW or different GSM signals (GSM-DTX, GSM-Talk), as described previously [Lantow et al., 2006].
Frequency | 1,800 MHz |
---|---|
Type | |
Charakteristic |
|
Exposure duration | continuous or intermittent (5 min on/off) for 30 or 45 min |
Modulation type | CW |
---|
Exposure source | |
---|---|
Chamber | Two single-mode resonator cavities were placed within an incubator at 37°C (except heat-treatment) in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Exposure and sham conditions were blindly and randomly assigned to the two waveguides by the computer-controlled signal unit [Schuderer et al., 2004]. |
Setup | Six 35 mm Petri dishes were placed in each waveguide on a dish holder, and in the H-field maxima of the standing waves inside the cavity. The temperature difference between sham and RF exposed cultures was not greater than 0.3°C. |
Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
Additional info | The cells were exposed in parallel and in the same incubator to the following conditions: (1) non-treated (incubator control), (2) sham exposed, (3) RF-EMF exposed, (4) sham exposed + 1 µM PMA, (5) co-exposed to RF-EMF + PMA, (6) heat exposed at 42°C for 1 h. |
Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAR | 2 W/kg | - | measured and calculated | - | - |
Frequency | 1,800 MHz |
---|---|
Type | |
Charakteristic |
|
Exposure duration | continuous or intermittent (5 min on/off) for 30 or 45 min |
Additional info | GSM-DTX |
Modulation type | pulsed |
---|---|
Repetition frequency | 217 Hz |
Additional info |
GSM-DTX (hearing only): 12 active frames per 104 frames, crest factor of 69, frame structure resulting in 2, 8, and 217 Hz components. |
Exposure source |
|
---|---|
Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAR | 2 W/kg | - | measured and calculated | - | - |
Frequency | 1,800 MHz |
---|---|
Type | |
Charakteristic |
|
Exposure duration | continuous or intermittent (5 min on/off) for 30 or 45 min |
Additional info | GSM-Talk |
Exposure source |
|
---|---|
Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SAR | 2 W/kg | - | measured and calculated | - | - |
The TPA treatment induced a significant increase in reactive oxygen species production in monocytes and lymphocytes compared to sham-exposed or to incubator controls. After continuous or intermittent GSM-DTX signal exposure (2 W/kg), a significantly different reactive oxygen species production was detected in monocytes compared to sham-exposed cells. However, this significant difference appeared due to the lowered value of reactive oxygen species during sham exposure. In lymphocytes, no differences could be revealed if data were compared either to sham-exposed or to incubator control.
The HSP70 expression level after 0, 1, and 2 h post-exposure to GSM-DTX signal at 2 W/kg for 1 h did not show any differences compared to the incubator or to sham-exposed control.
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