Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

858 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    314 studies
  2. Other
    303 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    119 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

314 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    158 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    138 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    39 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 138 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Berman E et al. 1981 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 4.2 mW/g 100 min/day for 6th to 15th day of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave
Berman E et al. 1984 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 6 mW/g intermittent; 100 min /day, day 6-15 of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave
Jensh RP et al. 1982 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body growth and development of the rat fetus/teratogenicity 915 MHz 3.57 W/kg 6 h/day from day 1 to day 21 of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave
Ikinci A et al. 2013 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body: <i>in utero</i> hippocampus morphology and learning behavior in rat pups 900 MHz - continuous for 1 h/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Dietzel F et al. 1972 animal, partial body: abdomen intrauterine development (teratogenic effects and mortality) 27.12 MHz - continuous for approx. 10 min. (rectal temperatures of 42°C) at different days of early pregnancy microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, therapeutic/medical device
Saito K et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body lethal and teratogenic effects 428 MHz 3.1–47.1 mW/kg continuous during incubation for more than 20 days RF
Amer FI et al. 2013 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> malformation, histopathological changes in the retina 950 MHz 1–1.6 W/kg 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation RF, microwaves
Jensh RP et al. 1982 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body neurological and neurobehavioral development/teratogenicity 915 MHz - repeated daily exposure, 6 h/day from day 1 to 21 of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave
Tsybulin O et al. 2013 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> number of somites in the embryos 890–915 Hz 3 µW/kg intermittent for 38 h: 48 sec "on" (speech mode), 12 sec "off" mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Tsybulin O et al. 2012 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: embryo <i>in ovo</i> number of somites in the embryos the 38 h exposed group; survival rate and hatchability of chicks, oxidative stress in brain, liver and heart in the 14 days exposed group 890–915 MHz 0.79 W/kg continuous for 38 h digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, low level microwaves