The effects of an acute exposure of embryos of the African clawed frog to a 900 or 1800 MHz electromagnetic field and co-exposure to nicotine sulfate on the embryonic development should be investigated.
Nicotine sulfate was used as a positive control on the one hand and to investigate the synergistic effects of an electromagnetic field exposure and nicotine on the other hand.
The embryos were divided into the six following groups: 1) no exposure to electromagnetic field + nicotine sulfate (12.5 or 25 ng/ml in the petri dish solution), 2) 900 MHz electromagnetic field with 1 W power + nicotine sulfate (0, 12.5 or 25 ng/ml), 3) 900 MHz electromagnetic field with 2 W power + nicotine sulfate, 4) 1800 MHz electromagnetic field with 1 W power + nicotine sulfate, 5) 1800 MHz electromagnetic field with 2 W power + nicotine sulfate and 6) no exposure to electromagnetic field + no nicotine sulfate (control).
Approximately 120 exposed embryos and ca. 60 control embryos were used in each test and all tests were replicated 3-5 times.
| Exposure | Parameters |
|---|---|
|
Exposure 1:
900 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h
|
|
|
Exposure 2:
900 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h
|
|
|
Exposure 3:
1,800 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h
|
|
|
Exposure 4:
1,800 MHz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h
|
|
| Frequency | 900 MHz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Pulse width | 0.576 ms |
| Duty cycle | 12.5 % |
| Repetition frequency | 217 Hz |
| Pulse type | rectangular |
| Additional info |
wave impedance = E/H = 377.5 ohm. |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|---|
| Chamber | tadpoles were incubated in petri dishes (20 individuals each) and exposed in a plastic box with a length of 38.5 cm, a width of 26.0 cm and a height of 15.5 cm |
| Setup | distance between antenna and petri dishes was 2 cm or more |
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic field strength | 0.065 A/m | - | measured | - | - |
| power density | 1.59 W/m² | mean | measured | - | - |
| electric field strength | 24.5 V/m | - | measured | - | ± 0.5 V/m within exposure area |
| SAR | 1 W/kg | mean | calculated | whole body | - |
| power | 1 W | - | - | - | - |
| Frequency | 900 MHz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Pulse width | 0.576 ms |
| Duty cycle | 12.5 % |
| Repetition frequency | 217 Hz |
| Pulse type | rectangular |
| Additional info |
wave impedance = E/H = 377.5 ohm. |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic field strength | 0.065 A/m | - | measured | - | - |
| power density | 1.59 W/m² | mean | measured | - | - |
| electric field strength | 24.5 V/m | - | measured | - | ± 0.5 V/m within exposure area |
| SAR | 1 W/kg | mean | calculated | whole body | - |
| power | 2 W | - | - | - | - |
| Frequency | 1,800 MHz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Pulse width | 0.576 ms |
| Duty cycle | 12.5 % |
| Repetition frequency | 217 Hz |
| Pulse type | rectangular |
| Additional info |
wave impedance = E/H = 377.5 ohm. |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic field strength | 0.065 A/m | - | measured | - | - |
| power density | 1.59 W/m² | mean | measured | - | - |
| electric field strength | 24.5 V/m | - | measured | - | ± 0.5 V/m within exposure area |
| SAR | 1 W/kg | mean | calculated | whole body | - |
| power | 1 W | - | - | - | - |
| Frequency | 1,800 MHz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Pulse width | 0.576 ms |
| Duty cycle | 12.5 % |
| Repetition frequency | 217 Hz |
| Pulse type | rectangular |
| Additional info |
wave impedance = E/H = 377.5 ohm. |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic field strength | 0.065 A/m | - | measured | - | - |
| power density | 1.59 W/m² | mean | measured | - | - |
| electric field strength | 24.5 V/m | - | measured | - | ± 0.5 V/m within exposure area |
| SAR | 1 W/kg | mean | calculated | whole body | - |
| power | 2 W | - | - | - | - |
The exposure to the 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (groups 4 and 5 without nicotine sulfate) or nicotine sulfate alone (group 1) resulted in significantly reduced numbers of normally developed tadpoles compared to the control (group 6) with a tendency of enhanced effects with increasing exposure duration and power or concentration, respectively. An exposure to an electromagnetic field and co-exposure to nicotine sulfate (groups 2-5) led to significantly reduced numbers of normally developed tadpoles in all approaches compared to the control with up to 100% mortality in approaches with exposure to the 1800 MHz electromagnetic field and co-exposure to 25 ng/ml nicotine sulfate (groups 4 and 5).
The authors conclude that an acute exposure of embryos of the African clawed frog to a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field can influence the embryonic development and that especially an electromagnetic field exposure and co-exposure to nicotine sulfate can have severe negative effects.
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