To examine effects of continuous and pulsed magnetic field exposure on mouse spermatogenic cell lines as a model for male fertility.
Cells were subjected to the following exposure conditions: 1) 2 Hz continuous magnetic field, 2) 50 Hz continuous magnetic field, 3) 120 Hz continuous magnetic field, 4) 2 Hz pulsed magnetic field, 5) 50 Hz pulsed magnetic field, 6) 120 Hz continuous magnetic field or 7) non-exposed control group.
Unless otherwise stated in the results, cells were analyzed 48 hours after exposure.
| Exposure | Parameters |
|---|---|
|
Exposure 1:
2 Hz
Exposure duration:
2 hours
continuous magnetic field
|
|
|
Exposure 2:
50 Hz
Exposure duration:
2 hours
continuous magnetic field
|
|
|
Exposure 3:
120 Hz
Exposure duration:
2 hours
continuous magnetic field
|
|
|
Exposure 4:
2 Hz
Exposure duration:
2 hours
|
|
|
Exposure 5:
50 Hz
Exposure duration:
2 hours
|
|
|
Exposure 6:
120 Hz
Exposure duration:
2 hours
|
|
the geomagnetic field was neglecte
| Frequency | 2 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Waveform | |
| Exposure duration | 2 hours |
| Additional info | continuous magnetic field |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|---|
| Distance between exposed object and exposure source | 10 cm |
| Setup | device consisted of two elements equipped with a cooling system; culture dishes were placed in the center of the magnetic field |
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 2.5 mT | - | measured | - | at the center of the culture flask |
| magnetic flux density | 8 mT | - | measured | - | at the outer edge of the culture flask |
| Frequency | 50 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Waveform | |
| Exposure duration | 2 hours |
| Additional info | continuous magnetic field |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 2.5 mT | - | measured | - | at the center of the culture flask |
| magnetic flux density | 8 mT | - | measured | - | at the outer edge of the culture flask |
| Frequency | 120 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Waveform | |
| Exposure duration | 2 hours |
| Additional info | continuous magnetic field |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 2.5 mT | - | measured | - | at the center of the culture flask |
| magnetic flux density | 8 mT | - | measured | - | at the outer edge of the culture flask |
| Frequency | 2 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Waveform | |
| Exposure duration | 2 hours |
| Additional info | pulsed magnetic field |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 2.5 mT | - | measured | - | at the center of the culture flask |
| magnetic flux density | 8 mT | - | measured | - | at the outer edge of the culture flask |
| Frequency | 50 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Waveform | |
| Exposure duration | 2 hours |
| Additional info | pulsed magnetic field |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 2.5 mT | - | measured | - | at the center of the culture flask |
| magnetic flux density | 8 mT | - | measured | - | at the outer edge of the culture flask |
| Frequency | 120 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Waveform | |
| Exposure duration | 2 hours |
| Additional info | pulsed magnetic field |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 2.5 mT | - | measured | - | at the center of the culture flask |
| magnetic flux density | 8 mT | - | measured | - | at the outer edge of the culture flask |
Cell proliferation was significantly decreased in both cell lines 96 hours after exposure to continuous magnetic fields compared to cells without exposure. Cell morphology was only changed after pulsed magnetic field exposure. Oxidative stress, as shown in significantly increased levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide compared to the control cells, was present with most of the examined exposure parameters. The protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B was significantly increased in GC-2 cells exposed to pulsed magnetic fields in comparison to non-exposed cells. After exposure (continuous and pulsed), the cell cycle distribution was changed in both cell lines: Significantly less cells were in the G0/G1 phase (both cell lines and all exposure conditions) and significantly more cells were in the S phase or in the G2/M phase (depending on cell line and respective exposure condition). Protein expression of p53 was significantly decreased in GC-1 cells after pulsed magnetic field exposure (all frequencies) and after 120 Hz-continuous magnetic field exposure in GC-2 cells. The protein expression of p21 was also changed but the differences were not statistically significant. Metabolic activity was only significantly reduced in GC-2 cells exposed to 120 Hz continuous and pulsed magnetic field compared to the control group.
The authors conclude that continuous and pulsed magnetic fields could induce p53/p21 mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in spermatogenic cell lines from mice.
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