To study the effect of a thyroxine solution exposed to various electromagnetic fields (microwave oven, mobile phone, airport x-ray, barcode scanner) on metamorphosis in highland frogs.
A total of 2980 frogs (Rana temporaria) were used. One group was treated with a homeopathically prepared thyroxine solution (n=860), another with the analogously prepared solvent water (n=860). The remaining 1160 animals were grouped and treated with different test solutions (water, ethanol, thyroxine) that had been exposed to different electromagnetic fields (microwave oven, mobile phone, x-ray and red light scan). In each experiment one group was treated with control substance and one group with standard test solution. The cumulative frequency of metamorphosis was aggregated for each day.
| Exposure | Parameters |
|---|---|
|
Exposure 1:
50 Hz–2.45 GHz
Exposure duration:
continuous for 100 s
|
|
|
Exposure 2:
Exposure duration:
see add. information
|
|
|
Exposure 3:
Exposure duration:
see below
|
- |
| Exposure 4: | - |
A total of 2980 animals was used: 20 animals each in 149 white plastic basins forming a total of 21 groups according to the treatment protocol. Three µl of probe solution (WD30 or TD30) were added per animal and per 300 ml of basin water at intervals of 48 h. The basins were arranged in rows of 3-5 according to the number of substances used in the experiment. The spatial arrangement within rows rotated from row to row, so that basins with identical treatment groups were arranged in diagonals.
| Exposure source |
|
|---|---|
| Setup | Two samples of aqueous thyroxin solution TD30 were exposed in vials placed immediately next to the microwave oven. One of the samples was wrapped in two layers of commercial aluminium foil. A third sample of TD30 and the water control WD30 were left unexposed in a separate room. |
| Additional info | In a further experiment, thyroxin samples and the water control were prepared with 42% v/v ethanol instead of water. One sample was exposed and another one was not exposed. There was no sample wrapped in aluminium foil involved. |
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 110 µT | - | measured | - | 50 Hz |
| electric field strength | 5 V/m | - | measured | - | 50 Hz |
| power density | 10 mW/m² | - | measured | - | 2.45 GHz |
| Frequency | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Charakteristic | |
| Exposure duration | see add. information |
| Additional info | mobile phone not specified |
| Exposure source | |
|---|---|
| Distance between exposed object and exposure source | 0 cm |
| Setup | Two samples of TD30 were exposed in vials placed immediately (0 cm) next to the mobile phone. One of the samples was wrapped in aluminium foil. A third sample was exposed at a distance of 25 cm. |
| Additional info | Five successive call setups were performed with intermediate return to standby. |
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| power density | 300 nW/m² | - | measured | - | in standby |
| power density | 339 nW/m² | - | measured | - | during call setup |
| Frequency | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | see below |
| Additional info | X-rays |
No parameters are specified for this exposure.
| Frequency | |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Additional info | red light (660 nm) |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|---|
| Setup | One sample of TD30, bearing a paper label with a barcode, was exposed once to a red light barcode scanner. |
No parameters are specified for this exposure.
Animals treated with the standard test thyroxine solution metamorphosed more slowly than the control animals, i.e. the effect of the homeopathically prepared thyroxine was opposed to the usual physiological effect of molecular thyroxine. In contrast this effect did not occur when the thyroxine solution had been exposed to the electromagnetic field of the microwave oven or mobile phone. There was no difference between aqueous or alcoholic solutions. Exposure to airport X-ray and red light barcode scanning did not diminish the effect of the homeopathic solution.
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