Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

856 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    314 studies
  2. Other
    302 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    118 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

314 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    157 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    137 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    40 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 137 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Yip YP et al. 1994 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 15–200 Hz - continuous for 6 h MRI
Fragopoulou AF et al. 2010 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body teratogenicity, foetal development 900 MHz 0.6–0.94 W/kg continuous for 6 min/day or 30 min/day during 5 days before and during the whole pregnancy mobile phone, digital mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Xenos TD et al. 2003 animal, mouse/Bulb/c/f; Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix Japonica</i>); chicken eggs of the strain KOBB; rat, whole body development during prenatal exposure 95 MHz 189 µW/kg–5.655 mW/kg continuous for 6 months RF field, microwaves, UHF fields, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW)
Dietzel F et al. 1972 animal, partial body: abdomen intrauterine development (teratogenic effects and mortality) 27.12 MHz - continuous for approx. 10 min. (rectal temperatures of 42°C) at different days of early pregnancy microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, therapeutic/medical device
Inouye M et al. 1982 animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body cerebellum development 2.45 GHz - continuous from day 1 through day 12 of incubation microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Jensh RP 1984 animal, rat/Wistar albino teratogenicity 6 GHz 7.28 W/kg continuous through pregnancy (21 days) microwaves
Hamrick PE et al. 1975 - - 2.45 GHz - continuous, 24 h microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Jensh RP et al. 1983 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body postnatal growth and psychophysiologic development/teratogenicity 2.45 GHz - continuous, 6 h/day through gestation microwaves, 2.45 GHz
Schmidt RE et al. 1984 - - 2.45 GHz 400 µW/g continuous, from day 2-day18 of gestation low level microwaves
Nelson BK et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–7.9 mW/g continuous; 20 + 60 min RF field, CW continuous wave