Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mevissen M et al. | 1994 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure of 24 hrs for 20 days | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Ubeda A et al. | 1994 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency |
Kowalczuk CI et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | 24 hr/day from 0 to 17 day of gestation. | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Gona AG et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 60 Hz | - | 7-8 h/day for 23 days with 30 min/day interruption for nursing | electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Yu MC et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult) | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous, 23h/d for 18d to 40d | 50/60 Hz |
Sakamoto S et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley albino (adults, fetuses and neonatals), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 1.3 months (1 month prior to mating through lactation period), 3,3 months (3 mo prior to mating through lactation period) | 50/60 Hz |
Frölen H et al. | 1993 | animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body | embryogenesis | 20 kHz | - | 12, 14, 18, or 19 days | magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Huuskonen H et al. | 1993 | animal, rat/Wistar, whole body | fetal development/teratogenicity | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 20 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, intermediate frequency |
Tyndall DA | 1993 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation | static magnetic field, MRI |
Piera V et al. | 1992 | - | - | - | - | continuous | - |
Bellossi A | 1992 | - | - | - | - | repeated exposure, 30 min/day, on 2 non-consecutive days/week, lifelong | magnetic field, signals/pulses, therapeutic/medical device |
Wiley MJ et al. | 1992 | - | - | 20 kHz | - | - | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency |
Behr KP et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | - | - | - | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Koch WE et al. | 1991 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 33–50 Hz | - | 10 times 10 ms, 6 times 1 ms, 26 times 20 ms or 5 times 30 ms | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Tyndall DA et al. | 1991 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 | MRI |
Tyndall DA | 1990 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Prasad N et al. | 1990 | animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | 1 hr | RF field, static magnetic field, MRI |
Chacon L et al. | 1990 | - | - | 30 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
McGivern RF et al. | 1990 | - | - | 15 Hz | - | 15 min twice a days from day 15 till day 20 of gestation | signals/pulses |
Zimmerman S et al. | 1990 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 23 h, starting 4 min post fertilization | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Zusman I et al. | 1990 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and mouse | - | 1–100 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Berman E et al. | 1990 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | 48 h | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Rommereim DN et al. | 1990 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | intermittent; 19h/day, 7days/week | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Kay HH et al. | 1988 | animal, embryos of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (African clawed frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 64 MHz | - | - | MRI |
Heinrichs WL et al. | 1988 | animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body | - | 15–400 Hz | - | continuous for 16 h | MRI, also other exposures without EMF |
Maffeo S et al. | 1988 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
Portet R et al. | 1988 | animal, rat/Long-Evans and rabbit, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 8 h/day for 4 weeks | electric field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Stuchly MA et al. | 1988 | - | - | 17.857 kHz | - | 7 h/day for 15 days before and 22 days after conception | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Martin AH | 1988 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | 24 h | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Sandström M et al. | 1987 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | embryonal development and malformations | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 42 h | magnetic field, signals/pulses, PC/TV monitor |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1987 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Rommereim DN et al. | 1987 | animal, rat/Charles River, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 19 h/day | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Falugi C et al. | 1987 | - | - | 5 kHz | - | 2 to 4 hrs | signals/pulses |
Zimmermann B et al. | 1987 | animal, mouse/NMRI, whole body | - | - | - | continuous for 18 days | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Sikov MR et al. | 1987 | animal, swine/Hanford miniatur, whole body | malformations, development, weight and size of foetuses, number, weight, size, development and health status of pups | 60 Hz | - | 20 h/day, 7 days/week | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Nishikawa U et al. | 1986 | - | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses |
Juutilainen JP | 1986 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | continuous, during incubation | magnetic field, low frequency |
Ozil JP et al. | 1986 | - | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses, electric current application |
Konermann G et al. | 1986 | animal, mouse/albino | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, MRI |
Bardasano JL et al. | 1986 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 60 Hz | - | 4 to 5d | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1986 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | continuous for 52 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1986 | - | - | 1 Hz–100 kHz | - | 52 hrs | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Rooze M et al. | 1985 | - | - | 15 Hz | - | - | electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses |
Kubiak JZ et al. | 1985 | - | - | - | - | - | electric field, signals/pulses |
Cameron IL et al. | 1985 | animal, Japanese rice fish (<i>Oryzias latipes</i>) (embryo), whole body | embryogenesis | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 48 h | electric field, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
Zecca L et al. | 1985 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | 3 h/day, 4 weeks | magnetic field, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz |
Sikov MR et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Seto YJ et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 21 hrs/d, pls see remark | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
Maffeo S et al. | 1984 | - | - | 100 Hz–1 kHz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Burack G et al. | 1984 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 8 days | electric field, 50/60 Hz |
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