Radiofrequency field exposure and cancer: what do the laboratory studies suggest? review

Endpoint

• genotoxicity/mutation: DNA-damage (single-strand break, double-strand break, chromosome aberration)
• cell transformation: tumor promotion, changes in signal pathway
• cell function: effect on ion pumps (e.g. sodium potassium ATPase); activity of the ornithine decarboxylase
• cancer: sarcoma colonies (lung), mammary tumors, skin tumors, hepatomas, lymphoma, colon cancer

Exposure

• • 2.45 GHz
  • RF
  • microwaves
  • low level microwaves
• • CW continuous wave
  • PW pulsed wave
  • radar