standard plastic laboratory cages (4 rats/cage) with constant environmental conditions (temperature of 22 ± 2°C, relative humidity of 55–65% and 12 h light/dark cycle)
Setup
solenoids were made of polyvinyl chloride tubes with 40 cm internal diameter, 2 m length and different numbers of turns of wires; combination of different turns of wires with different voltages was applied in each solenoid to produce different magnetic flux densities; the temporal field homogeneity was 98.5%; spatial homogeneity was not assessable due to the excessive length of the solenoid (2 m), but should be acceptable in theory; time of exposure for all groups was similar (8–10 a.m.)
Sobhanifard M et al.
(2019):
Effect of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Expression of T-bet and GATA-3 Genes and Serum Interferon-γ and Interleukin-4
Mahdavinejad L et al.
(2018):
Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Decrease Serum Levels of Interleukin-17, Transforming Growth Factor-β and Downregulate Foxp3 Expression in the Spleen
Luo X et al.
(2016):
Occupational exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields does not alter responses of inflammatory genes and activation of splenic lymphocytes in mice
Zhang H et al.
(2016):
Protective effect of procyanidins extracted from the lotus seedpod on immune function injury induced by extremely low frequency electromagnetic field
Cicekcibasi AE et al.
(2008):
Determination of the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on the percentages of peripheral blood leukocytes and histology of lymphoid organs of the mouse
Arafa HM et al.
(2003):
Immunomodulatory effects of L-carnitine and q10 in mouse spleen exposed to low-frequency high-intensity magnetic field
Attia AA et al.
(2002):
Histological, Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Studies of the Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Effect on Thymus, Spleen and Liver of Albino Swiss Mice
Thun-Battersby S et al.
(1999):
Lymphocyte subset analyses in blood, spleen and lymph nodes of female Sprague-Dawley rats after short or prolonged exposure to a 50 Hz 100-microT magnetic field
Mevissen M et al.
(1998):
Complex effects of long-term 50 Hz magnetic field exposure in vivo on immune functions in female Sprague-Dawley rats depend on duration of exposure
Jonai H et al.
(1996):
Cytokine profile of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to 50 Hz EMF
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