Underlying Signaling Pathways and Therapeutic Applications of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields in Bone Repair review

Endpoint

• treatment/therapy: bone repair and underlying signal pathways (Ca²⁺, Wnt/beta-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-beta)/bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), other signal pathways); therapeutic applications (fractures, osteonecrosis, osteoporosis, bone tissue engineering)

Exposure

• • magnetic field
• • signals/pulses
  • therapeutic/medical device