The authors wanted to extend results from previous studies and to study whether electromagnetic field transduction was dependent on the direction of the field, and whether the previously reported electromagnetic field effects on fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake (see Frilot 2nd et al. 2009) actually were related to those field effects.
20 rats were divided into two groups for two experiments (each experiment: n=10 rats): In the first experiment the rats were restrained so that the field was applied coronally, orthogonal to the sagittal plane. In the second experiment each rat was free to roam in the cage during exposure, resulting in a random vector relation between the field and the long axis of the rat.
In the first experiment, each rat was injected (with 18F-labeled FDG) and scanned three times: once after field exposure using a 100% duty cycle (field 1), once using a 50% duty cycle (field 2), and once after sham exposure. In the second experiment the rats were injected and scanned twice, once after field exposure for 45 min using a 50% duty cycle (field 3) and once after sham exposure. The minimum time between injections was two days.
| Exposure | Parameters |
|---|---|
|
Exposure 1:
60 Hz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
continuous for 45 min
|
|
|
Exposure 2:
60 Hz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
2 s on - 2 s off - for 45 min
|
|
|
Exposure 3:
60 Hz
Modulation type:
pulsed
Exposure duration:
2 s on - 2 s off - for 45 min
rats free to roam in the cage
|
all rats were injected with 11 MBq of 18F-labeled FDG before exposure or sham exposure
| Frequency | 60 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | continuous for 45 min |
| Additional info | rats immobilized |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Rise time | 10 ms |
| Fall time | 10 ms |
| Duty cycle | 100 % |
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 25 mT | effective value | - | - | - |
| Frequency | 60 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | 2 s on - 2 s off - for 45 min |
| Additional info | rats immobilized |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Rise time | 10 ms |
| Fall time | 10 ms |
| Duty cycle | 50 % |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|---|
| Chamber | rats placed in a restrainer |
| Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 25 mT | effective value | - | - | - |
| Frequency | 60 Hz |
|---|---|
| Type | |
| Exposure duration | 2 s on - 2 s off - for 45 min |
| Additional info | rats free to roam in the cage |
| Modulation type | pulsed |
|---|---|
| Rise time | 10 ms |
| Fall time | 10 ms |
| Duty cycle | 50 % |
| Exposure source |
|
|---|---|
| Chamber | rats free to raom in the cage |
| Sham exposure | A sham exposure was conducted. |
| Measurand | Value | Type | Method | Mass | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| magnetic flux density | 25 mT | effective value | - | - | - |
Increased glucose utilization occurred in hindbrain voxels when the field was applied orthogonally to the sagittal plane (50% and 100% (lesser extent) duty cycle), but not when the angle between the field and the sagittal plane varied randomly (field 3). Distinct FDG activation effects were observed in response to transient (i.e. 50% duty cycle) and steady-state (i.e. 100% duty cycle) magnetic stimuli.
Observations of increased glucose utilization induced by magnetic stimuli (magnetic fields induce electric fields in the body) and its dependence on the direction of the field suggest that signal transduction was mediated by a force detector (electric field exerts force on negatively-charged oligosaccharide side chains bound to an ion channel gate, thereby mechanically opening gate) and that the process and/or early post-transduction processing occur in the hindbrain.
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