Cellular effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields review

Endpoint

• cell function: cell function of nerve cells, bone cells and immune cells
• cancer: e.g. leukemia; carcinogenesis and the related biological mechanisms (including DNA damage)
• effects on the immune system: immunological response and the related biological mechanisms
• effects on the neurological system: effects on nerve cells
• treatment/therapy: wound healing and ischemia/reperfusion; effects on bone cells

Exposure

• • 50/60 Hz
  • electric field
  • magnetic field
  • low frequency
• • signals/pulses
  • power transmission line
  • electrotherapy