Biomarkers of induced electromagnetic field and cancer review

Endpoint

• genotoxicity/mutation: DNA strand breaks, DNA repair
• cell viability/cell division/proliferation: apoptosis, cell proliferation
• cancer: carcinogenesis; tumor promotion/co-promotion
• biomarkers responsible for tumor promotion (melatonin, calcium efflux, ornithine decarboxylase enzyme activity, sodium potassium ATPase activity); possible mechanisms of interaction

Exposure

• • low frequency
  • RF
  • microwaves
• • AM amplitude modulation