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Car (with combustion engine)

Belongs to:
Vehicle with combustion engine
Description:

A car is a vehicle that is generally driven by a combustion engine.
Magnetic fields occur in three different frequency ranges:
1) in the low-frequency range under 20 Hz
2) in the power frequency range from 50 - 60 Hz
3) in the radiofrequency range.

In the low-frequency range, magnetic fields are primarily caused by the magnetization of the wheels, more precisely by the permanent magnetization in the radial steel bands within the tire.

In the power frequency range, the magnetic field is caused by the alternator and the cables from the alternator to the battery (especially when driving with full headlights), the starter motor and the according cables when switching on the motor, the ABS-system and electric window winders.

Finally, in the radiofrequency range, e.g. Bluetooth applications in the vicinity of the dashboard (e.g. the hands-free-kit) contribute to the total field emission in a car.

Frequency ranges:
  • 50–60 Hz
  • ≤ 20 Hz
Type of field:
electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic

Measurements (acc. to literature)

car
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
electric field strength 0.9–3 V/m (mean, measured) 120 Hz - 100 kHz Averaged values out of 4 cars up to 100 km/h. [1]
magnetic flux density 0.04–4 µT (measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) on the left side of the back-seats [2]
magnetic flux density 0.049–0.055 µT (mean, measured) 40 - 1000 Hz (measurement range) measured in the car [3]
magnetic flux density 0.1–1.5 µT (measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) on the right side of the back-seats [2]
magnetic flux density 0.11–1.1 µT (measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) at the co-driver's seat [2]
magnetic flux density 0.11–3.2 µT 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) at the driver's seat [2]
magnetic flux density 0.13 µT (maximum, measured) 40 - 800 Hz measured inside seven different car models, fuel: diesel or gasoline; Remark EMF-Portal: measurement and analysis is not comprehensible [4]
magnetic flux density 0.4–0.6 µT (mean, measured) 120 Hz - 100 kHz Averaged values out of 4 cars up to 100 km/h. [1]
tires
Measurand Value Feature Remarks
magnetic flux density 0.069 µT (measured) frequency not specified at a distance of 160 cm to the spinning tyre [5]
magnetic flux density 0.08 µT (mean, measured) 30 Hz in idle mode with a running motor at pelvis level, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 0.08 µT (mean, measured) 30 Hz in the pelvic region of the driver, during standstill with motor running [6]
magnetic flux density 0.1–0.3 µT (measured) 30 Hz idle mode with car stopped and the motor running [6]
magnetic flux density 0.1–0.45 µT (measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) in the head area of the driver [2]
magnetic flux density 0.12–0.73 µT (measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) in the pelvic region of the driver [2]
magnetic flux density 0.18 µT (maximum, measured) 30 Hz in idle mode with running motor at pelvis level, averaged over 12 differentcars [6]
magnetic flux density 0.21 µT (mean, measured) 10 - 12 Hz at a velocity of 80 km/h at head level, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 0.21 µT (mean, measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) in the head area of the driver [2]
magnetic flux density 0.29 µT (mean, measured) 10 - 12 Hz at a velocity of 80 km/h at pelvis level, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 0.29 µT (mean, measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) in the pelvic region of the driver [2]
magnetic flux density 0.44 µT (measured) 23 Hz in the foot area of the co-driver at a velocity of 160 km/h [7]
magnetic flux density 0.45 µT (maximum, measured) 10 - 12 Hz at a velocity of 80 km/h at headlevel, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 0.45 µT (measured) 10 Hz in the foot area of the co-driver at a velocity of 75 km/h [7]
magnetic flux density 0.47 µT (measured) 17 Hz in the foot area of the co-driver at a velocity of 120 km/h [7]
magnetic flux density 0.65–9.51 µT 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) at the back-seat [2]
magnetic flux density 0.73 µT (maximum, measured) 10 - 12 Hz at a velocity of 80 km/h at pelvis level, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 0.74 µT (measured) frequency not specified at a distance of 70 cm to the spinning tyre [5]
magnetic flux density 0.76–8.89 µT (measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) in the foot area of the co-driver [2]
magnetic flux density 1.93 µT (measured) 6.21 Hz at a velocity of 48.3 km/h [5]
magnetic flux density 1.93 µT (measured) 6.21 Hz at a velocity of 48.3 km/h [5]
magnetic flux density 2.4 µT (measured) frequency not specified Toyota Carina: at the foot region of the co-driver with one magnetized tire (previously, all four tires were degaussed) [6]
magnetic flux density 2.7 µT (measured) 45 Hz BMW 318i: at the foot region of the co-driver at a velocity of 80 km/h [6]
magnetic flux density 3.22 µT (mean, measured) 10 - 12 Hz at a velocity of 80 km/h at the co-driver's foot, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 3.22 µT (mean, measured) 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) in the foot area of the co-driver [2]
magnetic flux density 3.28 µT (mean, measured) 10 - 12 Hz at a velocity of 80 km/h at the back seat, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 3.28 µT 5 - 2000 Hz (measurement range) at the back-seat [2]
magnetic flux density 3.64 µT (maximum, measured) 6.21 Hz at a velocity of 48.3 km/h [5]
magnetic flux density 4.6 µT (measured) 35 Hz BMW 318i: at the foot region of the co-driver at a velocity of 80 km/h [6]
magnetic flux density 5.8 µT (measured) 20 Hz BMW 318i: at the foot region of the co-driver at a velocity of 80 km/h [6]
magnetic flux density 6 µT (measured) 10 Hz BMW 318i: at the foot region of the co-driver at a velocity of 80 km/h [6]
magnetic flux density 8.89 µT (maximum, measured) 10 - 12 Hz at a velocity of 80 km/h at the co-driver's foot, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 9.51 µT (maximum, measured) 10 - 12 Hz at a velocity of 80 km/h at the back seat, averaged over 12 different cars [6]
magnetic flux density 10.2 µT (measured) 8 Hz Peugeot 106: at the foot region of the co-driver at a velocity of 50 km/h [6]
magnetic flux density 10.6 µT (measured) 20 Hz Peugeot 106: at the co-driver's foot at a velocity of 120 km/h [6]
magnetic flux density 14.3 µT (measured) frequency not specified Toyota Carina: at a distance of 18 cm to the balancing machine with one magnetized tire (previously, all tires were degaussed) [6]
magnetic flux density 30 µT (measured) static field at a distance of 5.08 cm to the tires [5]
magnetic flux density 30.4 µT (measured) frequency not specified at a distance of 10 cm from the spinning tyre [5]
magnetic flux density 71.7 µT (measured) frequency not specified Toyota Carina: at the balancing maching with one magnetized tire (previously, all four tires were degaussed) [6]
magnetic flux density 90 µT (measured) static field at a distance of 2.54 cm from the tires [5]
magnetic flux density 0.1 mT (measured) static field at a distance of 0.02 m [8]
magnetic flux density 145 µT static field at a distance of 1.27 cm to the tires [5]
magnetic flux density 200 µT (measured) static field at the tires [5]

References

  1. Tell RA et al. (2016): Electric and magnetic fields <100 kHz in electric and gasoline-powered vehicles
  2. Federal Office of Public Health (Switzerland): http://www.bag.admin.ch - cars, hybrid cars
  3. Tell RA et al. (2013): ELF magnetic fields in electric and gasoline-powered vehicles
  4. Hareuveny R et al. (2015): Characterization of Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields from Diesel, Gasoline and Hybrid Cars under Controlled Conditions
  5. Milham S et al. (1999): Magnetic fields from steel-belted radial tires: implications for epidemiologic studies
  6. Stankowski S et al. (2006): Low frequency magnetic fields induced by car tire magnetization
  7. Schmid G et al. (2009): [Determination of the exposure to magnetic fields of alternative drive concepts - project 3608S04574]
  8. Moser M et al. (2006): [Non-ionizing radiation and health protection in Switzerland: basic information]