Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

866 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    316 studies
  2. Other
    305 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    119 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    48 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

316 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    160 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    142 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    37 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 142 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Zahedi Y et al. 2014 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - static magnetic field, MRI
Tyndall DA 1990 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - RF, static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Nawrot PS et al. 1981 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body embryo and fetus development 2.45 GHz 3.9–40.2 mW/g continuous 4h microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Berman E et al. 1982 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 16.5 mW/g 100 min/day from 6th-17th day of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Berman E et al. 1978 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 4.05 mW/g continuous for 100 min/day for up to 17 days microwaves, CW continuous wave
Rofsky NM et al. 1994 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body - - - - MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Amer FI et al. 2013 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> malformation, histopathological changes in the retina 950 MHz 1–1.6 W/kg 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation RF, microwaves
Gu Y et al. 2001 animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Lee HJ et al. 2009 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body teratogenicity (mortality, growth retardation, head size, morphological malformations) 848.5 MHz 2–7.13 W/kg continuous 2 times 45 min/day, separated by 15 min, throughout gestation (17 days) mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications, RF
Okazaki R et al. 2001 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - continuously for 2 days static magnetic field, MRI