Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

852 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    313 studies
  2. Other
    301 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    116 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    45 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    10 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

313 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    157 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    137 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    39 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 137 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Fisher PD et al. 1979 - - 2.45 GHz - continuous; for 4 days 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave, low level microwaves
Okazaki R et al. 2001 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - continuously for 2 days static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure
Gagnon ZE et al. 2003 animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body embryo development 0 Hz–25 MHz - exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. EMF general
McRee DI et al. 1977 - - 2.45 GHz 4.03 nW/g first 12 days of development microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Gildersleeve RP et al. 1986 - - 2.45 GHz 4 nW/g first 12 days of embryogeny microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Clark MW et al. 1987 - - 2.45 GHz 4 nW/g first 12 days of embryogeny (incubation) microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz
Lary JM et al. 1982 - - 27.12 MHz - gestation day 1,3,5,7,9,11,13 or 15 RF field, CW continuous wave
Odaci E et al. 2013 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body spinal cord morphology and motor activity in young rats 900 MHz - intermittent for 1 hour/day from day 13 to 21 of pregnancy mobile phone, mobile communications
Tsybulin O et al. 2013 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> number of somites in the embryos 890–915 Hz 3 µW/kg intermittent for 38 h: 48 sec "on" (speech mode), 12 sec "off" mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Berman E et al. 1984 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body fetus abnormalities 2.45 GHz 6 mW/g intermittent; 100 min /day, day 6-15 of gestation microwaves, CW continuous wave