Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

863 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    316 studies
  2. Other
    303 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    119 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    47 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

316 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    159 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    141 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    38 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 141 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Saito K et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body lethal and teratogenic effects 428 MHz 3.1–47.1 mW/kg continuous during incubation for more than 20 days RF
Saito K et al. 1995 - - 428 MHz - - RF, CW continuous wave
Salameh M et al. 2023 - - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM
Schmidt RE et al. 1984 - - 2.45 GHz 400 µW/g continuous, from day 2-day18 of gestation low level microwaves
Schwartz JL et al. 1985 - - 2.695 GHz 23 mW/g repeated daily exposure of 12 hrs/day for 20 days microwaves, PW pulsed wave
Seify M et al. 2024 animal, mouse/NMRI (embryo) - 900–1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Shirai T et al. 2017 - - 800 MHz–5.2 GHz - - mobile communications, CDMA, RF, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure
Smialowicz RJ et al. 1981 - - 100 MHz 2.8 W/kg 4 h/day RF, CW continuous wave
Song X et al. 2023 - - 2.52 THz - - TeraHz
Spiers DE et al. 1991 - - 2.45 GHz 3.3–15.2 W/kg 8 h/day for 1 to 15 days microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz