Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

866 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    316 studies
  2. Other
    305 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    119 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    48 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

316 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    160 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    142 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    37 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 160 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Pafkova H et al. 1994 animal, chicken embryos (eggs); rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), whole body - 50 Hz - repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day upto 8 days (total exposure of 70 hrs) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Pafkova H et al. 1994 animal, chicken (embryo), whole body - 50 Hz - see remark* 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device
Litovitz TA et al. 1994 - - 100 Hz - continuous for 48 h magnetic field, signals/pulses
Mevissen M et al. 1994 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body - 50 Hz - repeated daily exposure of 24 hrs for 20 days magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Ubeda A et al. 1994 - - 100 Hz - 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency
Kowalczuk CI et al. 1994 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body - 50 Hz - 24 hr/day from 0 to 17 day of gestation. magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Gona AG et al. 1993 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 60 Hz - 7-8 h/day for 23 days with 30 min/day interruption for nursing electric field, magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Yu MC et al. 1993 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult) - 60 Hz - continuous, 23h/d for 18d to 40d 50/60 Hz
Sakamoto S et al. 1993 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley albino (adults, fetuses and neonatals), whole body - 60 Hz - 1.3 months (1 month prior to mating through lactation period), 3,3 months (3 mo prior to mating through lactation period) 50/60 Hz
Frölen H et al. 1993 animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body embryogenesis 20 kHz - 12, 14, 18, or 19 days magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency
Huuskonen H et al. 1993 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body fetal development/teratogenicity 50 Hz - continuous for 20 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, intermediate frequency
Tyndall DA 1993 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - 36 min/day from day 7 to day 14 of gestation static magnetic field, MRI
Piera V et al. 1992 - - - - continuous -
Bellossi A 1992 - - - - repeated exposure, 30 min/day, on 2 non-consecutive days/week, lifelong magnetic field, signals/pulses, therapeutic/medical device
Wiley MJ et al. 1992 - - 20 kHz - - magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency
Behr KP et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - - - - RF, static magnetic field, MRI
Koch WE et al. 1991 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - 33–50 Hz - 10 times 10 ms, 6 times 1 ms, 26 times 20 ms or 5 times 30 ms magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
Tyndall DA et al. 1991 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> - 64 MHz - continuous for 36 min. on gestational day 7 RF, static magnetic field, MRI
Tyndall DA 1990 animal, mouse/C57BL/6J, whole body: <i>in utero</i> - - - - RF, static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF
Prasad N et al. 1990 animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 0 Hz - 1 hr RF, static magnetic field, MRI
Chacon L et al. 1990 - - 30 Hz - continuous for 48 hrs magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
McGivern RF et al. 1990 - - 15 Hz - 15 min twice a days from day 15 till day 20 of gestation signals/pulses
Zimmerman S et al. 1990 invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo), whole body - 60 Hz - continuous for 23 h, starting 4 min post fertilization magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Zusman I et al. 1990 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and mouse - 1–100 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Berman E et al. 1990 - - 100 Hz - 48 h magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses