Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

878 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    319 studies
  2. Other
    309 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    122 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    53 studies
  5. Fertility
    48 studies
  6. Growth
    16 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

319 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    162 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    144 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    37 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 162 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Lahijani MS et al. 2011 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body histopathology and apoptosis processes in chicken embryo brains, abnormalities 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h before incubation magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Nishimura I et al. 2011 animal, rat/Crl:CD(SD), whole body malformations of fetuses 20 kHz - continuous for 22 h/day from day 7 to day 17 of gestation magnetic field, intermediate frequency, induction cooker
Roda O et al. 2011 animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) embryonal development 50 Hz - 1 s on - 0.5 s off - for 45 h, 15 days or 21 days magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, 50/60 Hz
Tayefi H et al. 2010 animal, rat/ Wistar (embryos and neonatal rats), whole body effects on the heart: myocardial damage (oxidative stress, apoptosis, histological evaluation) 50 Hz - 4 hours/day for 7 days/week (during pregnancy and until postnatal day 20) magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Severini M et al. 2010 animal, spawn and tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body tadpole development and teratogenic effects 50 Hz - continuous for 22 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Severini M et al. 2010 animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body tadpole development and teratogenic effects 50 Hz - continuous for 60 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Krylov VV 2010 invertebrate, <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus (great water flea) embryogenesis, developmental stages, morphometric and production characteristics of adult females that developed from the exposed eggs; survival rate 45–500 Hz - up to 43.70 h magnetic field, low frequency
Severini M et al. 2009 animal, African clawed frog tadpoles (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>), whole body tadpole development 0–50 Hz - not reported, probably during the whole development magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2009 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body histopathological and ultrastructural changes in livers in chicken embryos and malformations 50 Hz - continuous for 24 hr magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Nishimura I et al. 2009 - - - - - magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, induction cooker, intermediate frequency
Lee HJ et al. 2009 animal, mouse/ICR, whole body mortality and morphological abnormalities, uterine contents 20 kHz - 8 h/day from day 2.5 to day 15.5 of gestation magnetic field, intermediate frequency, occupational
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2007 animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body brain and eye development 50 Hz - 24 h continuous magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Komazaki S et al. 2007 animal, japanese fire belly newt/<i>Cynops pyrrhogaster</i> (embryo), whole body embryo development 50 Hz - 5 days magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Ravera S et al. 2006 - - 75 Hz - 150 min low frequency, magnetic field
Okudan B et al. 2006 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body bone mineral content and bone mineral density 50 Hz - continuous for 28 days; from day 7 of gestation to 14 days post delivery electric field, static electric field, 50/60 Hz
Karja NW et al. 2006 - - - - - electric field, signals/pulses
Saito K et al. 2006 animal, mouse/SS - - - continuous for 60 min on day 7.5, 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5, or 14.5 of pregnancy static magnetic field
Kuzna-Grygiel W et al. 2005 invertebrate, fertilized eggs of pig roundworm (<i>Ascaris suum</i>) embryonic development 50 Hz - continuous for 60 days 50/60 Hz, power transmission line
Roda-Murillo O et al. 2005 animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Gallus domesticus</i> (chicken; Leghorn HR7 variety) teratogenicity (body weight and cranial/cephalic development) 50 Hz - continuous for 15 or 21 days 50/60 Hz
Shi Y et al. 2005 animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body embryo development (expression of embryo <i>c-fos</i> mRNA) 50 Hz - continuous from gestation day 5.5 to gestation day 8.5 magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Winnicki A et al. 2004 animal, fish/pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) (eggs) embryonic motorics 50 Hz - continuous for 30 min magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Grimaldi S et al. 2004 animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (tadpoles), whole body tadpole survival and metamorphosis-rate 50 Hz - continuous for 65 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2004 fertilized chicken eggs teratogenicity/embryonal development 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h low frequency, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Dupont MJ et al. 2004 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body effects on neurons and glia cells 500 mHz - continuous for 9 days ( 2 days befor and 7 days after birth) magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Ruggiero M et al. 2004 animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body - - - continuous for 3 h static magnetic field, MRI