Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
| Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alam MJ et al. | 2024 | - | - | 25–100 Hz | - | - | electric current application, signals/pulses, electrotherapy, therapeutic/medical device |
| Yang H et al. | 2024 | - | - | 4 Hz | - | - | magnetic field |
| Krzystolik J et al. | 2024 | animal, pike (<i>Esox lucius</i> L.) (embryos) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line |
| Krzystolik J et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | power transmission line, electrical substation, magnetic field |
| Tahir E et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi, microwaves |
| Nassisi V et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae | - | 0 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | UHF fields, RF, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency |
| Guo Y et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Şenol N et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | - | - | - | 50/60 Hz, electric field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
| Li Y et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, honeybee (<i>Apis cerana</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Ozturk H et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
| Mohammadi B et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 50 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
| Lupi D et al. | 2021 | invertebrate, honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), whole body | disease appearance, mortality, and biochemical alterations in honey bees, behavioral alterations in honey bees | 50 Hz | - | continuously | power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, electric field, magnetic field |
| Zhou J et al. | 2021 | intact cell/cell culture, newborn rat calvarial osteoblasts, animal, rat/Wistar | - | 10–100 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, low frequency |
| Beltrán-Frutos E et al. | 2021 | - | - | 4 MHz | - | - | intermediate frequency, therapeutic/medical device |
| Husheer J et al. | 2020 | - | - | 50–400 Hz | - | - | 50/60 Hz, electric current application |
| Todorović D et al. | 2020 | invertebrate, nymphs of orange-spotted cockroach (<i>Blaptica dubia</i>) | locomotor activity, body fat composition | 50 Hz | - | 5 months | static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
| Gunes S et al. | 2020 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | diaphragm ultrastructure, electrophysiological and biochemical changes in diaphragm and blood | 50 Hz | - | 4 hours/day for 7 months | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Su L et al. | 2020 | culture medium | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Fey DP et al. | 2020 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) (eggs and larvae), whole body | inner ear organ asymmetry | 0 Hz | - | up to 36 days | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, static magnetic field, DC |
| Taormina B et al. | 2019 | invertebrate, European lobster (<i>Homarus gammarus</i>), whole body | avoidance/attraction test and a test for exploratory and shelter seeking behavior | - | - | 1 week (unclear whether animals were also exposed during test) (test for exploratory and shelter seeking behavior) and 45 minutes (avoidance/attraction test) | magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, DC, underground cable |
| Vallejo D et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/OF1 | blood coagulation | 50 Hz | - | from gestation to 31-35 weeks of age | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Campos-Sanchez E et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/Sca1‐ETV6‐RUNX1 (model organism for childhood leukemia), whole body | development of childhood leukemia in mouse model | 50 Hz | - | 10min/5min on/off cycle for 20 hours/day from conception until 3 months of age | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Zhou J et al. | 2019 | intact cell/cell culture, rat calvarial osteoblasts, rat/Sprague Dawley, animal, whole body | effects on bone, osteoblasts and underlying signal pathways | 50 Hz | - | <i>in vivo</i>: 90 min/day for 2 months, <i>in vitro</i>: 90 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Stankevičiūtė M et al. | 2019 | invertebrate, animal, rainbow trout eggs/larvae (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), Baltic clam (<i>Limecola balthica</i>) and common ragworm (<i>Hediste diversicolor</i>), whole body | genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in larval rainbow trout, Baltic clam and common ragworm | 50 Hz | - | 12 days (invertebrates) or 40 days (fish larvae) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Shakina LA et al. | 2018 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (eggs) | - | 0 Hz–36.94 GHz | - | - | millimeter waves, static magnetic field |
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