Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

866 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    316 studies
  2. Other
    305 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    119 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    48 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Central nervous system

119 studies in total
  1. Radio frequency
    85 studies
  2. Low frequency
    31 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    3 studies
  4. Other
    one study

Radio frequency 85 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Kim JH et al. 2024 animal, mouse/ICR - 1,850 MHz - - mobile communications, RF
Azimzadeh M et al. 2024 animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Besset D et al. 2024 - - - - - RF
El-Kafoury BMA et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Akefe IO et al. 2023 animal, mouse - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Singh KV et al. 2023 animal, rat/ Wistar - 2,115 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Yucel H et al. 2022 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, RF
Bas O et al. 2022 - - 900 MHz - - RF
Tan B et al. 2022 - - - - - 2.45 GHz, microwaves, CW continuous wave
Gülsüm Deniz Ö et al. 2022 animal, rat/Wistar albino (pregnant females and fetuses) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure
Okur ZH et al. 2021 animal, rat/ Wistar albino - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Rashidova AM 2021 - - 460 MHz - - microwaves
Kim JH et al. 2021 - - 1,760–1,850 MHz - - RF
Akakin D et al. 2021 animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Azimzadeh M et al. 2020 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone base station
Hong S et al. 2020 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 800–1,900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Keleş Aİ et al. 2019 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, RF, CW continuous wave
Ahmed NA et al. 2018 animal, rat/Wistar albino (adults and young animal) - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, PW pulsed wave
Keleş Aİ et al. 2018 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley - 900 MHz - - -
DastAmooz S et al. 2018 - - 2.4 GHz - - W-LAN/WiFi, RF
Zhang JP et al. 2017 animal, mouse/C57BL/6, whole body - 1.8 GHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications, RF
Ghatei N et al. 2017 animal, mouse/BALB/c (pregnant females and young animal) - 900–1,800 MHz - - mobile communications
Lameth J et al. 2017 animal, rat/Wistar (adults and pubs), partial body - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, PW pulsed wave
Aslan A et al. 2017 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body cerebellar morphology 900 MHz 0.01 W/kg 1 hour/day for 25 consecutive days mobile communications, mobile phone
Sharma A et al. 2017 - - 10 GHz - - microwaves
Othman H et al. 2017 animal, rat/Wistar albino (embryo), whole body mental development and oxidative stress in brain of rat pups 2.45 GHz - 2 hours/day during gestation W-LAN/WiFi, RF, 2.45 GHz
Sharma A et al. 2017 animal, mouse/Swiss albino (pregnant females) - 10 GHz - - microwaves
Xu F et al. 2016 - - 1,800 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Erdem Koc G et al. 2016 animal, rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), partial body: head of mothers neuron number in hippocampus of offspring 900 MHz 2 W/kg 1 hour/day from the 1st to the 21st day of gestation mobile phone, mobile communications, RF, co-exposure
Kerimoglu G et al. 2016 - - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications, RF
Bhargav H et al. 2016 human - 2,100 MHz 0.4–0.54 W/kg - mobile phone, UMTS, mobile communications
Petitdant N et al. 2016 - - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF, PW pulsed wave, co-exposure
Ikinci A et al. 2016 - - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications
Guler G et al. 2016 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White, whole body - 1,800 MHz 18 mW/kg - GSM, mobile communications
Odaci E et al. 2016 - - - - - mobile phone, mobile communications, RF
Razavinasab M et al. 2016 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body electrophysiological changes of pyramidal cells, learning and memory 900 MHz 0.3–0.9 W/kg 6 h/day during gestation mobile phone, mobile communications
An K et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar (pregnant females and fetuses) - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, mobile communications, co-exposure
Masuda H et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley - 1,457 MHz - - mobile communications, PDC, microwaves
Furtado-Filho OV et al. 2015 animal, rat, whole body oxidative damages of DNA, proteins and lipids in the cortex 950 MHz 0.35–1.32 W/kg continuous for 30 min/day from the first day of gestation until birth UHF fields
Sahin A et al. 2015 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body - 900 MHz 0.024 W/kg - mobile phone, mobile communications
Narayanan SN et al. 2015 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body neural structure of the hippocampus, learning and spatial memory 900 MHz 1.15 W/kg continuous for 1 h/day for 28 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, RF
Movvahedi MM et al. 2014 human, partial body: ear - 900 MHz 1.45 W/kg - mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Narayanan SN et al. 2014 animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body oxidative stress in the brain 890–915 MHz 1.58 W/kg intermittent for 1 h/day for 28 days mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Saikhedkar N et al. 2014 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body structure and function of the rat brain and oxidative stress 900 MHz 0.99 W/kg continuous for 4 h/day for 15 days mobile phone, mobile communications
Motawi TK et al. 2014 animal, rat/Wistar albino - 900 MHz - - mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Kesari KK et al. 2014 animal, rat/ Wistar, whole body DNA damage, protein expression, apoptosis and oxidative stress in brain 2,115 MHz 0.26–0.9 W/kg continuous for 2 hours/day for 60 days mobile phone, mobile communications
Haghani M et al. 2013 animal, rat/Wistar, whole body electrical activity of Purkinje cells, cerebellum-related behaviour 900 MHz 0.5–0.9 W/kg 6 h/day during whole gestation mobile phone, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Loughran SP et al. 2013 human, partial body: head waking EEG, cognitive performance 900 MHz 0.35–1.4 W/kg continuous for 30 min mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications, PW pulsed wave
Paulraj R et al. 2012 - - 16.5 GHz 2.01 W/kg continuous for 2 h/day at 35 days (6 days/week) low level microwaves, AM amplitude modulation
Paulraj R et al. 2012 - - 9.9 GHz 1 W/kg 2 h/day for 35 days microwaves, radar