Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields and Tissue Engineering of the Joints review

Endpoint

• treatment/therapy: fracture healing, clinical effects of PEMF on joints
• cell viability/cell division/proliferation: effects of PEMF on chondrocytes and stem cells in vitro
• morphol./histopathol. changes: effects of PEMF on articular cartilage in vivo and on ligaments and tendons

Exposure

• • magnetic field
• • signals/pulses
  • electric current application