Electromagnetic field devices and their effects on nociception and peripheral inflammatory pain mechanisms review

Endpoint

• cell function: EMF mechanisms at molecular level, ion-ligand binding, G-protein coupled receptors, effects on cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes
• effects on the immune system: stimulation of the immune system, suppression of inflammatory responses at cell membrane level
• treatment/therapy: pain and inflammation therapy, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), magnetic field therapy with solenoids and Helmholtz coils

Exposure

• • 0 Hz–1 kHz
  • DC
  • 50/60 Hz
  • magnetic field
  • static magnetic field
  • low frequency
• • electric current application
  • tDCS
  • therapeutic/medical device
  • electrotherapy