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GSM-900 base station

Belongs to:
GSM base station
Description:

The commercial start of GSM 900 with the aim to replace the analog first generation of mobile communications systems was in 1992. Short time thereafter, the technology and the standardization of GSM 1800 began. Due to the lesser knife-edge diffraction and the higher output power of GSM 900 terminals, greater ranges are feasible with the GSM 900 technology. Frequencies from 890 - 915 MHz are used for the uplink and frequencies from 925 - 960 MHz for the downlink.

Frequency ranges:
  • 890–915 MHz (uplink in the P-GSM frequency band)
  • 935–960 MHz (downlink in the P-GSM frequency band)
Type of field:
electromagnetic

Measurements (acc. to literature)

underground
Measurand Value Remarks
electric field strength 0.05–0.1 V/m (measured) while moving between two stations during peak hours [1]
electric field strength 0.05–0.2 V/m (measured) while moving between two stations during off-peak hours [1]
electric field strength 0.1–0.4 V/m (measured) on the platform during peak hours; during off-peak hours the same range has been measured [1]
antenna mast
Measurand Value Remarks
power density 0.1 W/m² (maximum, calculated) for a mast height of 63 m [2]
computer model
Measurand Value Remarks
electric field strength 21 V/m (simulated) at a distance of 600 mm [3]
electric field strength 27.3 V/m (simulated) at a distance of 300 mm [3]
electric field strength 38 V/m (maximum, calculated) 10 carriers with a power of each 40 W [4]
electric field strength 38.3 V/m (simulated) at a distance of 100 mm [3]
electric field strength 56.5 V/m (simulated) at a distance of 10 mm [3]
magnetic field strength 0.1 A/m (maximum, calculated) 10 carrier with a power of each 40 W [4]
SAR 0.21 µW/kg (calculated) averaged over the whole body of a child phantom (age: 1 year); scenario: walking during the day in an urban appartment [5]
SAR 0.24 µW/kg (calculated) averaged over the whole body of a child phantom (age: 1 year); scenario: standstill during the night in an urban appartment [5]
SAR 0.29 µW/kg (calculated) averaged over the whole body of a child phantom (age: 1 year); scenario: standstill during the day in an urban appartment [5]
SAR 5.19 µW/kg (calculated) averaged over the whole body of a child phantom (age: 1 year); scenario: walking during the night in an urban appartment [5]
SAR 7.88 µW/kg (calculated) averaged over the whole body of a child phantom (age: 1 year); scenario: walking during the day in urban environment [5]
SAR 8.94 µW/kg (calculated) averagted over the whole body of an adult, male phantom [5]
SAR 9.94 µW/kg (calculated) averaged over the whole body of an adult, female phantom [5]
SAR 13 µW/kg (calculated) averaged over the whole body of a child phantom (age: 10 years) [5]
SAR 15.94 µW/kg (calculated) averaged over the whole body of a child phantom (age: 5 years) [5]
SAR 17.87 µW/kg (measured) averaged over the whole body of a child phantom (age: 1 year) [5]
SAR 0.015 W/kg (measured) averaged over the whole body at a distance of 4 m; transmission power of the antenna: 30 W [6]
SAR 0.03 W/kg (simulated) averaged over the whole body at a distance of 1 m; transmission power of the antenna: 30 W [6]
SAR 0.02 W/kg (simulated) at a distance of 600 mm, averaged over 10 g [3]
SAR 0.03 W/kg (simulated) at a distance of 300 mm, averaged over 10 g [3]
SAR 0.06 W/kg (measured) averaged over the whole body at a distance of 1 m; transmission power of the antenna: 30 W [6]
SAR 0.086 W/kg (simulated) at a distance of 100 mm, averaged over 10 g [3]
SAR 0.236 W/kg (simulated) at a distance of 10 mm, averaged over 10 g [3]
Show more measurements
within a building
Measurand Value Remarks
electric field strength 0.04 V/m (maximum, measured) averaged maximum value measured at 13 different locations within a building in a suburban area in Greece [7]
electric field strength 0.06 V/m (mean, measured) at homes in Greece [8]
electric field strength 0.14 V/m (mean, measured) at homes in Belgium [8]
electric field strength 0.25 V/m (maximum, measured) averaged maximum value measured at 27 different locations within a building in an urban area in Greece [7]
electric field strength 0.259 V/m (mean, measured) mean exposure of 40 different loactions within various buildings in Greece; per location 11 measurements were performed: three in the center of the room at different heights (1.1 m, 1.5 m, 1.7 m), four in the corners of the room at a distance of 1 m from the center and a height of 1 m, three next to the window and one at the position of the maximum electric field. [9]
electric field strength 0.31 V/m (mean, measured) at offices in Greece [8]
electric field strength 0.34 V/m (mean, measured) at offices in Belgium [8]
electric field strength 0.38 V/m (maximum, measured) averaged maximum exposure of 40 different loactions within various buildings in Greece; per location 11 measurements were performed: three in the center of the room at different heights (1.1 m, 1.5 m, 1.7 m), four in the corners of the room at a distance of 1 m from the center and a height of 1 m, three next to the window and one at the position of the maximum electric field. [7]
Show more measurements
rural area
Measurand Value Remarks
electric field strength 1.25 V/m (maximum, measured) out of 41 measuring sights [10]
power density 200 µW/m² (measured) in rural areas of Sweden; measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [11]
urban area
Measurand Value Remarks
electric field strength 0.09 V/m (measured) at four- to five-storied buildings in the central residential area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2.3 km long measurement path) [12]
electric field strength 0.16 V/m (measured) in downtown Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2.1 km long measurement path) [12]
electric field strength 0.18 V/m (measured) at four- to five-storied buildings in the central residential area of Amsterdam (>10 base stations within 500 m along a 1.7 km long measurement pah) [12]
electric field strength 0.21 V/m (measured) in the business area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2.2 km long measurement path) [12]
electric field strength 0.29 V/m (measured) in the business are of Amsterdam (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2 km long measurement path) [12]
electric field strength 0.33 V/m (measured) in downtown Amsterdam (>10 base stations within 500 m of a 2 km long measurement path) [12]
electric field strength 0.65 V/m (mean, measured) averaged over 30 measurement points [13]
electric field strength 2.8 V/m (maximum, measured) out of 40 measurement locations [14]
electric field strength 3.56 V/m (maximum, measured) out of 77 measuring sights [10]
Show more measurements
power density 1,200 µW/m² (measured) in urban areas of Sweden; measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [11]
power density 5,400 µW/m² (measured) in the capital of Sweden (Stockholm); measurements comprise both GSM (900 and 1800) and UMTS [11]
power density 20.81 mW/m² (maximum, calculated) out of 40 measurement locations [14]
power density 0.134 mW/m² (maximum, calculated) at railway stations [15]
independent from location
Measurand Value Remarks
electric field strength 0.6 V/m (measured) public exposure at 50 m from a mast operating at a maximum of 50 W per channel [16]
magnetic field strength 1.6 mA/m (measured) at a distance of 50 m from a mast operating at a maximum of 50 W per channel [16]
power density 1 mW/m² (calculated) at a distance of 50 m from a mast operating at a maximum of 50 W per channel [16]
different areas
Measurand Value Remarks
power density 0.000001–0.001 µW/cm² (measured) range of 50 measurements in Ghana in 2007 [17]
power density 0.0000172–150 µW/cm² (measured) range of 20,494 measurements in South Africa in 2007 [17]
power density 0.0000281–158 µW/cm² (measured) range of 11,181 measurements in Sout Africa in 2008 [17]
power density 0.000036–390 µW/cm² (measured) range of 21,016 measurements in Sout Africa in 2006 [17]
power density 0.000452 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 1,659 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2006 [18]
power density 0.000591 µW/m² (mean, measured) average of 4,070 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2009 [18]
power density 0.000649 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 7,320 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2002 [18]
power density 0.000655 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 6,400 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2003 [18]
power density 0.001 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 4,789 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2005 [18]
power density 0.00109 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 2,340 measurement points in Great Britain in 2007 [18]
power density 0.0012 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 3,960 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2004 [18]
power density 0.00205 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 6,310 measurement sites in Great Britain in 2001 [18]
power density 0.00248 µW/cm²–5.62 W/m² (measured) range of 43 measurements in the Ivory Coast in 2010 [17]
power density 0.0039–4.47 µW/cm² (measured) range of 43 measurements in the Ivory Coast in 2009 [17]
power density 0.00391 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 517 measurement sites in Germany in 2003 [18]
power density 0.0043 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 226 measurement sites in Austria in 2006 [18]
power density 0.0189 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 355 measurement sites in Australia in 2003 [18]
power density 0.0227 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 31 measurement sites in Sweden in 2000 [18]
power density 0.0173 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 39 mesurement sites in Greece in 2009 [18]
power density 0.0247 µW/cm² (mean, calculated) average of 13 measurement sites in Australia in 2000 [18]
power density 0.0286 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 197 measurement sites in Austria in 2000 [18]
power density 0.0393 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 101 measurement sites in the Netherlands in 2009-2010 [18]
power density 0.0405 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 6,670 measurement points in Ireland in 2003-2004 [18]
power density 0.085–0.107 µW/cm² (measured) range of 32 measurements in Ghana in 2010/2011 [17]
power density 0.0923 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average in France in 2001-2004 [19]
power density 0.102 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 3,818 measurement sites in Spain in 2002 [18]
power density 0.112 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average in France in 2004-2007 [18]
power density 0.134 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 32 measurement sites in Greece in 2006 [18]
power density 0.134 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 38 measurement sites in Greece in 2007 [18]
power density 0.137 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 57 measurement sites in Hungary in 2000 [18]
power density 0.143 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 79 measurement points in Ireland in 2005-2006 [18]
power density 0.191 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 30 measurement sites in Sweden in 2009 - 2010 [18]
power density 0.226 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 235 measurement sites in Ireland in 2008 [18]
power density 0.227 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 180 measurement points in Belgium in 2009-2010 [18]
power density 0.252 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 39 measurement points in Greece in 2008 [18]
power density 0.257 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 68 measurement sites in Sweden in 2001 - 2004 [18]
power density 0.276 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 279 measurement sites in Ireland in 2009 [18]
power density 0.358 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 91 measurement points in Sweden in 2005 - 2007 [18]
power density 0.529 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 149 measurement sites in Spain in 2007 [18]
power density 0.605 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 264 measurement sites in Spain in 2003 [18]
power density 0.647 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 149 measurement sites in Spain in 2008 [18]
power density 0.75 µW/cm² (mean, calculated) out of 20 measuring points [20]
power density 0.887 µW/cm² (mean, measured) average of 230 measurement sites in Ireland in 2007 [18]
power density 1.49 µW/cm² (maximum, calculated) out of different measuring locations [20]
power density 50.52 µW/m² (mean, calculated) out of 130 measuring sights in 2006 [21]
power density 58.62 µW/m² (mean, calculated) out of 130 measuring sites in 2009 [21]
power density 81.15 µW/m² (measured) averaged over 213 measurement points in 2009 [21]
power density 260 µW/m² (mean, measured) out of 51 base stations each at a distance of 200 m [22]
power density 330 µW/m² (mean, measured) out of 51 base stations, each at a distance of 50 m [22]
power density 710 µW/m² (maximum, measured) out of 51 base stations [22]
Show more measurements
suburban area
Measurand Value Remarks
electric field strength 0.02–0.05 V/m (measured) at two- to three-storied buildings in the non-central residential area of Basel (>10 base stations within 500 m of the 2 - 2.3 km long measurement path) [12]
electric field strength 0.23–0.28 V/m (measured) at two- to three-storied buildings in the non-central residential area of Amsterdam (5 - 10 base stations within 500 m of a 1.9 - 2.2 km long measurement path) [12]
electric field strength 2.33 V/m (maximum, measured) out of 50 measuring sights [10]
electric field strength 3.85 V/m (maximum, measured) out of 311 measuring sights [10]

References

  1. Gryz K et al. (2015): Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure inside the metro tube infrastructure in Warszawa
  2. Alanko T et al. (2007): Occupational exposure to radiofrequency fields in antenna towers
  3. Kos B et al. (2011): Exposure assessment in front of a multi-band base station antenna
  4. Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs (1996): Non-ionizing radiation - Sources, exposure and health effects
  5. Joseph W et al. (2010): Estimation of whole-body SAR from electromagnetic fields using personal exposure meters
  6. Thielens A et al. (2013): Compliance boundaries for multiple-frequency base station antennas in three directions
  7. Markakis I et al. (2013): Radiofrequency exposure in Greek indoor environments
  8. Vermeeren G et al. (2013): Spatial And Temporal RF Electromagnetic Field Exposure Of Children And Adults In Indoor Micro Environments In Belgium And Greece
  9. Sidorenko AV et al. (2000): Effects of microwave radiation and strychnine on cerebral biopotentials in narcotized rats
  10. Joseph W et al. (2012): Assessment of RF exposures from emerging wireless communication technologies in different environments
  11. Estenberg J et al. (2014): Extensive frequency selective measurements of radiofrequency fields in outdoor environments performed with a novel mobile monitoring system
  12. Urbinello D et al. (2014): Use of portable exposure meters for comparing mobile phone base station radiation in different types of areas in the cities of Basel and Amsterdam
  13. Joseph W et al. (2010): Assessment of general public exposure to LTE and RF sources present in an urban environment
  14. Joseph W et al. (2012): In situ LTE exposure of the general public: Characterization and extrapolation
  15. Bolte JF et al. (2012): Personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field measurements in The Netherlands: exposure level and variability for everyday activities, times of day and types of area
  16. Swerdlow AJ et al. (2012): Health Effects from Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields - RCE 20
  17. Joyner KH et al. (2014): National surveys of radiofrequency field strengths from radio base stations in Africa
  18. Rowley JT et al. (2012): Comparative international analysis of radiofrequency exposure surveys of mobile communication radio base stations
  19. Iomin A (2012): A toy model of fractal glioma development under RF electric field treatment
  20. Alhekail ZO et al. (2012): Public safety assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure from mobile base stations
  21. Tomitsch J et al. (2012): Trends in residential exposure to electromagnetic fields from 2006 to 2009
  22. Henderson SI et al. (2006): Survey of RF exposure levels from mobile telephone base stations in Australia