Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

882 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    319 studies
  2. Other
    312 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    122 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    54 studies
  5. Fertility
    48 studies
  6. Growth
    16 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

319 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    162 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    144 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    37 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 144 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Tombarkiewicz B et al. 2024 animal, carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) embryos - 0 Hz–1,800 MHz - - RF, geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation, also other exposures without EMF
Yip YP et al. 1994 animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 15–200 Hz - continuous for 6 h RF, static magnetic field, MRI
Heinrichs WL et al. 1988 animal, mouse/BALB/c, whole body - 15–400 Hz - continuous for 16 h RF, static magnetic field, MRI, also other exposures without EMF
Pafkova H et al. 1994 animal, chicken (embryo), whole body - 50 Hz - see remark* 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device
Tsybulin O et al. 2013 animal, Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> number of somites in the embryos 890–915 Hz 3 µW/kg intermittent for 38 h: 48 sec "on" (speech mode), 12 sec "off" mobile phone, GSM, mobile communications
Nelson BK et al. 1997 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–7.9 W/kg continuous for 2, 4 or 6 h RF
Nelson BK et al. 1991 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–6.6 W/kg until the rectal temperature increased to 42°C and a moderate incidence of external malformations were produced; total exposure time ca. 1 h RF, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1994 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity (malformations of fetuses) 10 MHz 800 µW/g–6.6 mW/g 0, 10, 20 or 30 min RF, CW continuous wave
Nelson BK et al. 1999 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 0.8–8 W/kg 20 min (to raise the temperature from its normal baseline to 41°C) plus 60 min RF
Nelson BK et al. 2001 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body teratogenicity 10 MHz 800 µW/g–7.9 mW/g continuous; 20 + 60 min RF, CW continuous wave