Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nelson BK et al. | 2001 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 800 µW/g–7.9 mW/g | continuous; 20 + 60 min | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Nelson BK et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD, whole body | teratogenicity | 10 MHz | 0.8–8 W/kg | 20 min (to raise the temperature from its normal baseline to 41°C) plus 60 min | RF field |
Nelson BK et al. | 1998 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley CD-VAF/Plus, whole body | teratogenicty | 10 MHz | 800 µW/g–8 mW/g | 2 or 4 h | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Boga A et al. | 2014 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body | embryonic development of the African clawed frog | 900 MHz | 1 W/kg | continuous for 4, 6 or 8 h | GSM, mobile communications, RF field, co-exposure |
Amer FI et al. | 2013 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | malformation, histopathological changes in the retina | 950 MHz | 1–1.6 W/kg | 2 h/day for 8 consecutive days from day 7 to 14 of gestation | RF field, microwaves |
Inouye M et al. | 1982 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.3 W/kg | 3 h on day 2 or day 3 of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Inouye M et al. | 1983 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 1.76 W/kg | 3 h/day through 4-21 days of gestation | microwaves, 2.45 GHz |
Lee HJ et al. | 2009 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | teratogenicity (mortality, growth retardation, head size, morphological malformations) | 848.5 MHz | 2–7.13 W/kg | continuous 2 times 45 min/day, separated by 15 min, throughout gestation (17 days) | mobile phone, CDMA, mobile communications, RF field |
Smialowicz RJ et al. | 1981 | - | - | 100 MHz | 2.8 W/kg | 4 h/day | RF field, CW continuous wave |
Spiers DE et al. | 1991 | - | - | 2.45 GHz | 3.3–15.2 W/kg | 8 h/day for 1 to 15 days | microwaves, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
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