Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

867 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    316 studies
  2. Other
    306 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    119 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    48 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

316 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    160 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    142 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    37 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Radio frequency 142 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Wu X et al. 2025 animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, RF
Alimohammadi I et al. 2018 animal, mouse/NMRI (pregnant females) - 915 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, RF, co-exposure
Woelders H et al. 2017 animal, chicken/Leghorn (eggs), whole body embryonic development 1.8 GHz 0.38–0.45 mW/kg 22 days mobile communications, GSM, UMTS, TDMA, FDMA, RF, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi
Balik MS et al. 2019 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, microwaves
Tomruk A et al. 2022 animal, rabbit/New Zealand White - 1,800 MHz - - mobile communications, GSM, mobile phone
Bodin R et al. 2024 animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (pregnant) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, RF, CW continuous wave
Magras IN et al. 1997 animal, mouse/BALB/c/f, whole body teratogenicity 88.5–950 MHz 1.936 µW/g 5 pregnancies mobile communications, RF, Radio/TV transmitter, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW)
Zhang Y et al. 2014 animal, rat/Wistar (pregnant females and fetuses) - 900 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Sabban IF et al. 2018 animal, rat/ Wistar - - - - mobile communications, mobile phone
Dsilva MH et al. 2022 animal, hen (<i>Gallus gallus domesticus</i>) (eggs) - 1,800–2,100 MHz - - mobile communications, mobile phone