Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

866 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    316 studies
  2. Other
    305 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    119 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    48 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

316 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    160 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    142 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    37 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 160 studies in total

List view
10 25 50
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Pagnac C et al. 1998 invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i> and <i>Paracentrotus lividus</i>) (embryo), whole body - 0 Hz - up to 150 min 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, static magnetic field
Prasad N et al. 1990 animal, embryos of <i>Rana pipiens</i> (Northern leopard frog), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> - 0 Hz - 1 hr RF, static magnetic field, MRI
Joshi MV et al. 1978 - - 0 Hz - 1 hr magnetic field
Severini M et al. 2009 animal, African clawed frog tadpoles (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>), whole body tadpole development 0–50 Hz - not reported, probably during the whole development magnetic field, static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Levin M et al. 1995 invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo) - 0–60 Hz - continuous magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, DC
Terol FF et al. 1994 - - 0 Hz–1 kHz - - -
Gagnon ZE et al. 2003 animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body embryo development 0 Hz–25 MHz - exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. EMF general
Zusman I et al. 1990 animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley and mouse - 1–100 Hz - - electric field, low frequency, signals/pulses
Juutilainen J et al. 1986 - - 1 Hz–100 kHz - 52 hrs magnetic field, intermediate frequency
Nakagawa H et al. 2018 animal, mexican axolotl (<i>Ambystoma mexicanum</i>) - 10 Hz - - magnetic field, static magnetic field