Study overviews

Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.

Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.

The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.

Experimental studies on the effects of low and radio frequency on young animals

866 studies in total
  1. Teratogenicity, embryogenesis
    316 studies
  2. Other
    305 studies
  3. Central nervous system
    119 studies
  4. Behavior and cognitive processes
    52 studies
  5. Fertility
    48 studies
  6. Growth
    15 studies
  7. Endocrinologic processes
    11 studies

Teratogenicity, embryogenesis

316 studies in total
  1. Low frequency
    160 studies
  2. Radio frequency
    142 studies
  3. DC and static fields
    37 studies
  4. Other
    2 studies

Low frequency 160 studies in total

List view
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Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Authors Year Exposed system Endpoints Frequency range SAR Exposure duration Parameters
Sikov MR et al. 1987 animal, swine/Hanford miniatur, whole body malformations, development, weight and size of foetuses, number, weight, size, development and health status of pups 60 Hz - 20 h/day, 7 days/week electric field, 50/60 Hz
Grefner NM et al. 1998 animal, tadpoles of <i>Rana temporaria</i> L., whole body - 50 Hz - - magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Severini M et al. 2003 animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body - 50 Hz–15.797 kHz - 12 h/day from day 3 untill metamorphosis magnetic field, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz
Severini M et al. 2010 animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body tadpole development and teratogenic effects 50 Hz - continuous for 60 days magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz
Liu C et al. 2023 animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) - - - - static magnetic field, MRI
Skauli KS et al. 2000 animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>), whole body - 50 Hz - from 2 h after fertilization until hatching or from 48 h after fertilization until hatching magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Li Y et al. 2014 animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>), whole body hatching rate, mortality, malformation, and apoptosis 50 Hz - continuous for 96 hours magnetic field, 50/60 Hz
Pais-Roldan P et al. 2016 animal, zebrafish embryos and larvae - - - - static magnetic field, MRI
Shams Lahijani M et al. 2004 fertilized chicken eggs teratogenicity/embryonal development 50 Hz - continuous for 24 h low frequency, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field
Wang Y et al. 2016 human, whole body - - - - MRI