Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gagnon ZE et al. | 2003 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | embryo development | 0 Hz–25 MHz | - | exposure started on the 18th day of pregnancy; one week later, offspring was born and maintained together with their mothers for 21 days. After that, only the mothers were left to continue for another 4 weeks. | EMF general |
Severini M et al. | 2003 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i>, whole body | - | 50 Hz–15.797 kHz | - | 12 h/day from day 3 untill metamorphosis | magnetic field, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Roda-Moreno JA et al. | 2003 | animal, chicken embryos, whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 15 days | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Chung MK et al. | 2003 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | fertility and health of mother rats and teratogenicity in fetuses | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 22 h/day from day 6 to day 20 of gestation | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Toman R et al. | 2002 | - | - | - | - | 20 min | magnetic field |
Negishi T et al. | 2002 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo and adult) | - | 50 Hz | - | intermittent; 22h/day | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Okazaki R et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | continuously for 2 days | static magnetic field, MRI, co-exposure |
Gu Y et al. | 2001 | animal, mouse/ICR (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | - | - | - | MRI, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
Huuskonen H et al. | 2001 | mouse embryos, mouse/CBA/s | development of mouse embryos | 50 Hz | - | from 8 h after ovulation to blastocyst stage | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2001 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | teratogenic effects | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 hr | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Ryan BM et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 18.5 h/day, 7 days/week, from gestation day 6 - 19 | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 55–65 Hz | - | on - off at intervals from 0.1s to 50 s for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 2000 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Skauli KS et al. | 2000 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | from 2 h after fertilization until hatching or from 48 h after fertilization until hatching | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Shams Lahijani M et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 24 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Desta AB et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 15 h, 18 h, 23 h and 28 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Ryan BM et al. | 1999 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous, 18.5 h per day | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Di Carlo AL et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 2 min to 2 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Michel A et al. | 1999 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (embryo), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 30 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure, source not given |
Grefner NM et al. | 1998 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Rana temporaria</i> L., whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Formicki K et al. | 1998 | - | - | - | - | continuous for 90 min | magnetic field |
Huuskonen H et al. | 1998 | - | - | 20 kHz | - | continuous from gestation day 0 to 18. | magnetic field, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency |
DiCarlo AL et al. | 1998 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 20 min | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Huuskonen H et al. | 1998 | animal, mouse/CBA/Ca, whole body | embryonic and fetal development | 50 Hz | - | continuous, 24 hrs/day from day 0 to day 18 of gestation period. | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, intermediate frequency |
Pagnac C et al. | 1998 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Sphaerechinus granularis</i> and <i>Paracentrotus lividus</i>) (embryo), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | up to 150 min | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field, static magnetic field |
Dawson BV et al. | 1998 | - | - | 10.8 kHz | - | continuous 20 to 23.5 h/d, for 45 d to 58 d before mating | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Farrell JM et al. | 1998 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 8, 15, 17, 20, 23, or 26 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Farrell JM et al. | 1997 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 48 hrs | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, signals/pulses |
Juutilainen J et al. | 1997 | animal, mouse/CBA/Ca and CBA/s, whole body | fetal loss/resorptions | 50 Hz | - | continuous for 8 days, 24 hrs/day | 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor, intermediate frequency, magnetic field |
Youbicier-Simo BJ et al. | 1997 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) and chickens after hatching, whole body | - | 50–80 Hz | - | continuous for 47 days | magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency, 50/60 Hz, PC/TV monitor |
Farrell JM et al. | 1997 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous for 48 h | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Ryan BM et al. | 1996 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley, whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | both daily intertmittent and continous exposure, 1 hr off 1 hr on, 18.5 hr/days, 7 days/week | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Rommereim DN et al. | 1996 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | continuous 20h/day, for 20 d | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Pafkova H et al. | 1996 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, co-exposure |
Veicsteinas A et al. | 1996 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn (eggs), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Levin M et al. | 1995 | invertebrate, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) (embryo) | - | 0–60 Hz | - | continuous | magnetic field, static magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz, DC |
Terol FF et al. | 1995 | animal, fertilized eggs of Japanese quail (<i>Coturnix coturnix japonica</i>), whole body | - | 50–100 Hz | - | continuous for 48 hrs | magnetic field, low frequency, 50/60 Hz |
Bessho K et al. | 1995 | invertebrate, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (nematode; different (transgenic) strains), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 3 min every 6h or 9h, to a total of 9 to 27 min | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Nguyen P et al. | 1995 | intact cell/cell culture, embryonic cells from <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (embryo), whole body | - | 60 Hz | - | 16 to 18 h | 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
Chiang H et al. | 1995 | - | - | 15.6 kHz | - | 4 h/day from 6th to 17th day of gestation | magnetic field, signals/pulses, intermediate frequency |
Svedenstal BM et al. | 1995 | animal, mouse/CBA/s, whole body | fetal resorption | 20 kHz | - | continuous for 5 1/2 or 7 days | magnetic field, intermediate frequency |
Rofsky NM et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1, whole body | - | - | - | - | MRI, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
Terol FF et al. | 1994 | - | - | 0 Hz–1 kHz | - | - | - |
Sienkiewicz ZJ et al. | 1994 | animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Yip YP et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 15–200 Hz | - | continuous for 6 h | MRI |
Pafkova H et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs); rat/Wistar (<i>in utero</i>), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure, 2 h/day upto 8 days (total exposure of 70 hrs) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
Pafkova H et al. | 1994 | animal, chicken (embryo), whole body | - | 50 Hz | - | see remark* | 50/60 Hz, therapeutic/medical device |
Litovitz TA et al. | 1994 | - | - | 100 Hz | - | continuous for 48 h | magnetic field, signals/pulses |
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