Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Levengood WC | 1969 | animal, salamander (<i>Ambystoma maculatum</i>) and wood frog (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>); larvae and tadpoles | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
Levin M et al. | 1997 | animal, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i> and <i>Lytechinus pictus</i>) (embryo), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | up to 94 h | static magnetic field, DC |
Mietchen D et al. | 2005 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</I>) (eggs) | - | - | - | continuous for 15, 29, 42, 63, and 76 min | static magnetic field |
Mo WC et al. | 2012 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos and adults), whole body | cleavage and malformation in early embryonal stage | 0 Hz | - | parental animals continuous for 7 days; afterwards, embryos continuous for up to 4 days | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
Murakami J et al. | 1992 | animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), partial body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure of 1 hr from day 7 to day 14 of gestation | static magnetic field |
Narra VR et al. | 1996 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | 30 min | static magnetic field, DC |
Neurath PW | 1968 | animal, frog (<i>Rana pipiens</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
Orlov OI et al. | 2020 | animal, Japanese quail embryos | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
Popova E et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse and rat embryos | - | 500 kHz | - | 30 minutes | intermediate frequency, signals/pulses, electric current application, DC |
Ruggiero M et al. | 2004 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 3 h | static magnetic field, MRI |
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