Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jove M et al. | 1999 | animal, chicken embryos/White Leghorn, whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 15 days | static magnetic field, DC |
Levin M et al. | 1997 | animal, sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i> and <i>Lytechinus pictus</i>) (embryo), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | up to 94 h | static magnetic field, DC |
Asashima M et al. | 1991 | animal, japanese fire belly newt (<i>Cynops pyrrhogaster</i>), whole body: embryo (<i>in ovo</i>) and larvae | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 5 days | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
Narra VR et al. | 1996 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster, whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | 30 min | static magnetic field, DC |
Espinar A et al. | 1997 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 1 day (day six of incubation) | static magnetic field |
Hansson Mild K et al. | 1981 | animal, <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (embryo), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | upto 1 week | static magnetic field, DC |
Ho MW et al. | 1992 | animal, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (embryo), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 30 min | static magnetic field, DC |
Murakami J et al. | 1992 | animal, mouse/CD-1 (embryo), partial body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | repeated daily exposure of 1 hr from day 7 to day 14 of gestation | static magnetic field |
Ruggiero M et al. | 2004 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 3 h | static magnetic field, MRI |
Mietchen D et al. | 2005 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</I>) (eggs) | - | - | - | continuous for 15, 29, 42, 63, and 76 min | static magnetic field |
Formicki K et al. | 1998 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) and trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>) | - | - | - | from fertilization until hatching | DC, static magnetic field |
Eguchi Y et al. | 2006 | animal, spawn of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 5 days | static magnetic field, DC |
Denegre JM et al. | 1998 | animal, eggs of the frog <i>Xenopus</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
Fesenko EE et al. | 2010 | animal, mouse/NMRI | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
Levengood WC | 1969 | animal, salamander (<i>Ambystoma maculatum</i>) and wood frog (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>); larvae and tadpoles | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
Popova E et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse and rat embryos | - | 500 kHz | - | 30 minutes | intermediate frequency, signals/pulses, electric current application, DC |
Laszlo JF et al. | 2011 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6 | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
Mo WC et al. | 2012 | animal, African clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos and adults), whole body | cleavage and malformation in early embryonal stage | 0 Hz | - | parental animals continuous for 7 days; afterwards, embryos continuous for up to 4 days | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
Ueno S et al. | 1990 | animal, african clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
Ueno S et al. | 1994 | animal, african clawed frog (<i>Xenopus laevis</i>) (embryos), whole body: <i>in ovo</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
Neurath PW | 1968 | animal, frog (<i>Rana pipiens</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
Ueno S et al. | 1984 | animal, <i>Xenopus laevis</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field, DC |
Sikov MR et al. | 1979 | animal, mouse/Swiss Webster | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field, DC |
Zahedi Y et al. | 2014 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J (embryo), whole body: <i>in utero</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field, MRI |
Valles Jr JM et al. | 2002 | animal, fertilized eggs of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
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