Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
| Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abdel Rahman GAN et al. | 2025 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley albino | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
| Seewooruttun C et al. | 2025 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 900 MHz–3.5 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, GSM |
| Keleş AI et al. | 2025 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF |
| Koç IY et al. | 2024 | animal, zebrafish embryos | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
| Tripathi R et al. | 2024 | - | - | 1.76–1.92 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
| Vilić M et al. | 2024 | invertebrate, honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone base station |
| Krivova NA et al. | 2024 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 2.4 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, 5G |
| Nik Abdull Halim NMH et al. | 2024 | invertebrate, yellow fever mosquito (<i>Aedes aegypti</i>) (eggs) | - | 900 MHz–18 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, 5G, millimeter waves, RF |
| Tripathi R et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 1,760 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
| Tüfekci KK et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
| Nassisi V et al. | 2023 | animal, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) larvae | - | 0 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | UHF fields, RF, static magnetic field, low frequency, intermediate frequency |
| Kilic A et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (adults and young animal) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
| Chang YW et al. | 2023 | - | - | - | - | - | microwaves, microw. oven/heating device, 2.45 GHz |
| Bozok S et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900–2,100 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF |
| De Paepe S et al. | 2023 | - | - | 5.4 GHz | - | - | RF |
| Sarapultseva EI et al. | 2023 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF |
| Salameh M et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley (embryos and newborns) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM |
| Yenilmez F | 2022 | animal, chicken/Ross (egg) | - | 800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
| Galal FH et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, mosquito (<i>Culex pipiens</i>) | - | 900–1,900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, 4G, mobile phone |
| Yan S et al. | 2022 | animal, mouse/C57BL/6J | - | 2 GHz | - | - | mobile communications, RF, CW continuous wave |
| Cantürk Tan F et al. | 2022 | - | - | - | - | - | RF, CW continuous wave, 2.45 GHz |
| Tümkaya L et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley (embryo) | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Tripathi R et al. | 2022 | animal, rat/ Wistar albino | - | 1,760 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
| D'Silva MH et al. | 2021 | animal, hen eggs (<i>Gallus domesticus</i> ) | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM, UMTS |
| Holovska K et al. | 2021 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, microwaves, PW pulsed wave |
| Mohammadi B et al. | 2021 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | 50 Hz–900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
| Vargová B et al. | 2021 | invertebrate | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF |
| Lerchl A et al. | 2020 | animal, mouse/C3H/HeNCrl x C57Bl/6N | - | 1,960 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, UMTS, also other exposures without EMF, co-exposure |
| Üstündağ ÜV et al. | 2020 | - | - | 15–3,000 MHz | - | - | RF |
| Habauzit D et al. | 2020 | - | - | 94 GHz | - | - | millimeter waves |
| Bosquillon de Jenlis A et al. | 2020 | - | - | 900 MHz | - | - | RF, CW continuous wave, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
| Smith-Roe SL et al. | 2020 | animal, mouse/B6C3F1/N, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 900–1,900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, GSM, CDMA, mobile phone |
| Tumkaya L et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague-Dawley | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, RF, W-LAN/WiFi |
| Okatan DÖ et al. | 2019 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Kim JH et al. | 2019 | animal, mouse/ICR | - | 1,850 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
| Shakina LA et al. | 2018 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (eggs) | - | 0 Hz–36.94 GHz | - | - | millimeter waves, static magnetic field |
| Saadia Z et al. | 2018 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Pawlak K et al. | 2018 | animal, chicken embryos (eggs) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, GSM |
| Saadia Z | 2018 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Nasiar N et al. | 2018 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, residential |
| Yakymenko I et al. | 2018 | animal, Japanese quail eggs | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile phone, mobile communications |
| Shojaeifard MB et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Wistar | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, RF |
| Çiftçi ZZ et al. | 2018 | - | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
| Bektas H et al. | 2018 | human | - | - | - | - | mobile communications, mobile phone |
| Okatan DÖ et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications |
| Falcioni L et al. | 2018 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley, whole body | brain and heart tumors | 1,835 MHz | 0.001–0.1 W/kg | 19 h/day, 7 days/week from 12th day of gestation until natural death (up to 152 weeks) | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
| Misek J et al. | 2018 | human, partial body | - | 1,788 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, PW pulsed wave |
| Kıran D et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Wistar albino (<i>in utero</i> and young animals) | - | 1,800 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone |
| Vilic M et al. | 2017 | invertebrate, honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), whole body | - | 900 MHz | - | - | mobile communications, AM amplitude modulation |
| Topsakal S et al. | 2017 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | - | - | - | 2.45 GHz, W-LAN/WiFi |
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