Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
| Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lupi D et al. | 2021 | invertebrate, honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>), whole body | disease appearance, mortality, and biochemical alterations in honey bees, behavioral alterations in honey bees | 50 Hz | - | continuously | power transmission line, 50/60 Hz, electric field, magnetic field |
| Li Y et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, honeybee (<i>Apis cerana</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| d'Ambrosio G et al. | 1977 | invertebrate, mealworm beetle larva and pupa (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) | - | 0 Hz–9.55 GHz | - | - | microwaves, static magnetic field, static electric field |
| Sun Y et al. | 2018 | invertebrate, nematode (<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>)/wild type (strain N2), whole body | effects on invertebrates: tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative stress | - | - | circa 48 hours (from egg to the fourth larval stage) | magnetic field, 50/60 Hz |
| Peeling J et al. | 1988 | invertebrate, nematode (<i>Panagrellus redivivus</i>) | - | 1–25 Hz | - | continuous for 96 h | magnetic field, low frequency, signals/pulses, DC, static magnetic field |
| Todorović D et al. | 2020 | invertebrate, nymphs of orange-spotted cockroach (<i>Blaptica dubia</i>) | locomotor activity, body fat composition | 50 Hz | - | 5 months | static magnetic field, 50/60 Hz, magnetic field |
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