Experimental studies on the effects of young animals include studies with young animals prenatally or postnatally (before or after hatching) exposed to electromagnetic fields.
Young animals in this spirit means animals of the whole animal kingdom (but in this context mainly mammals and birds), exposed and investigated before their adulthood.
The graphics also include some experimental studies with children.
| Authors | Year | Exposed system | Endpoints | Frequency range | SAR | Exposure duration | Parameters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tadres D et al. | 2025 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (larvae) | - | - | - | - | DC, static electric field, co-exposure |
| Bertrand S et al. | 2024 | - | - | - | - | - | tDCS, DC, electric current application |
| Laurien M et al. | 2024 | animal, juvenile herring | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field, DC, shielding/field deprivation |
| He J et al. | 2023 | invertebrate, rose aphid (<i>Macrosiphum rosae</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Durif CMF et al. | 2023 | animal, lumpfish (<i>Cyclopterus lumpus</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, underground cable, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) |
| Xiao Y et al. | 2023 | animal, rat/Sprague Dawley | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Krylov V et al. | 2022 | animal, zebrafish embryos (<i>Danio rerio</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Ren J et al. | 2022 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Xenopus laevis</i> | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field, co-exposure |
| Zhang Y et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, brown planthopper (<i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| El-Bassouiny HM et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, <i>E. insulana</i> (first instar larvae), whole body | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, co-exposure, also other exposures without EMF |
| Pakhomov A et al. | 2022 | animal, European robins (<i>Erithacus rubecula</i>),garden warblers (<i>Sylvia borin</i>), Pied Flycatcher (<i>Ficedula hypoleuca</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, static magnetic field, also other exposures without EMF |
| Harsanyi P et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, European lobster (<i>Homarus gammarus</i>) and Edible crab (<i>Cancer pagurus</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, underground cable |
| Yang B et al. | 2022 | invertebrate, nematode (<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Karwinkel T et al. | 2022 | animal, wheatear (<i>Oenanthe oenanthe</i>) | - | - | - | - | signals/pulses, static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Dong L et al. | 2022 | animal, mouse/ICR, whole body | oxidative stress in the spleen of mice, ultrastructural changes in the spleen of mice | - | - | continuously for 21 days | static electric field, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) |
| Wan GJ et al. | 2021 | invertebrate, brown planthopper (<i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Naisbett-Jones LC et al. | 2020 | animal, Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, signals/pulses |
| Putman NF et al. | 2020 | animal, pink salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field |
| Oh IT et al. | 2020 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field |
| Cresci A et al. | 2019 | animal, European eel (<i>Anguilla anguilla</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Cresci A et al. | 2019 | animal, atlantic haddock larvae (<I>Melanogrammus aeglefinus</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Scanlan MM et al. | 2018 | animal, Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>) (juveniles) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field |
| Fitak RR et al. | 2018 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, signals/pulses |
| Putman NF et al. | 2018 | animal, Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field |
| Sjoberg S et al. | 2016 | animal, garden warblers (<i>Sylvia borin</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field |
| Diego-Rasilla FJ et al. | 2015 | animal, Palmate newt (<i>Lissotriton helveticus</i>)/larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, DC |
| Putman NF et al. | 2014 | animal, Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Putman NF et al. | 2014 | animal, rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field |
| Diego-Rasilla FJ et al. | 2013 | animal, tadpoles of <i>Rana temporaria</i> L. | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field, co-exposure |
| Narinyan LY et al. | 2013 | animal, rat/Wistar albino, whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Holland RA et al. | 2013 | animal, European robins (<i>Erithacus rubecula</i>), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | - | signals/pulses, static magnetic field |
| Krylov VV et al. | 2013 | invertebrate, <i>Daphnia magna</i> Straus (great water flea) and <i>Daphnia carinata</i> King | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| Todorovic D et al. | 2013 | animal, mealworm beetle (<i>Tenebrio obscursus</i> and <i> Tenebrio molitor</i>), whole body | pupae-adult development, motor activity | 0 Hz | - | during development from pupa to eclosion and 24 h after eclosion | static magnetic field, DC |
| Heqimyan A et al. | 2012 | animal, rat/albino | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Fuxjager MJ et al. | 2011 | animal, sea turtle/loggerhead (<i>Caretta caretta</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | continuous for 8 min | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field, DC |
| Savic T et al. | 2011 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and <i>Drosophila hydei</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Diego-Rasilla FJ et al. | 2010 | animal, Iberian green frog (<i>Pelophylax perezi</i>) (tadpoles) | - | - | - | - | geomagnetic field, static magnetic field |
| Bekhite MM et al. | 2010 | intact cell/cell culture, embryonic stem cells, animal, mouse/Balb/c (embryos) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field, DC |
| Osipenko MA et al. | 2008 | intact cell/cell culture, fibroblasts (from mouse embryos), animal, mouse embryos | - | 0 Hz | - | - | geomagnetic field, shielding/field deprivation |
| McLean MJ et al. | 2008 | animal, mouse/Swiss (black) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Kullberg C et al. | 2007 | animal, European robins (<i>Erithacus rubecula</i>) | - | - | - | - | magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Tanski A et al. | 2005 | animal, salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> L.), trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i> L.), rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>), vendace (<i>Coregonus albula</i> (L.), pike (<i>Esox lucius</i> L.) and rudd (<i>Scardinius erythrophthalmus</i> L.) (eggs) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Takashima Y et al. | 2004 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field, DC, co-exposure |
| Prolic Z et al. | 2001 | invertebrate, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L.), mealworm beetle (<i>Tenebrio molitor</i>) | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| High WB et al. | 2000 | animal, rat/Fischer 344, whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Formicki K et al. | 1997 | animal, trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i> L.) and rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> Walb.) (embryo) | - | - | - | continuous for about 2 weeks | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Formicki K et al. | 1996 | animal, carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) embryos and larvae | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field |
| Light P et al. | 1993 | animal, sea turtle/loggerhead (<i>Caretta caretta</i>) (hatchlings) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Lohmann KJ et al. | 1993 | animal, leatherback sea turtle (<i>Dermochelys coriacea</i>) (hatchlings) | - | - | - | - | static magnetic field, geomagnetic field |
| Winnicki A et al. | 1993 | animal, pike (<i>Esox lucius</i> L.) (embryos and larvae), whole body | - | 0 Hz | - | - | static magnetic field |
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