Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Buchner K et al. | 2011 | - | men, women, children, 2–68 years | January 2004 - July 2005 | Germany | level of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, and phenylethylamine in urine | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM, residential |
Foerster M et al. | 2018 | cohort study | children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2014, follow-up 2016 | Switzerland | memory performance | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Schoeni A et al. | 2015 | cohort study | children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2014 | Switzerland | memory performance (verbal and figural memory) | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter |
Vrijheid M et al. | 2010 | cohort study | children in utero, one year | July 2004 - July 2006 | Spain | mental and psychomotor development | mobile communications, mobile phone, personal |
Thamilselvan S et al. | 2021 | - | men, women, children, 5–50 years | not stated | India | micronuclei in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells | mobile communications, mobile phone base station |
Sudan M et al. | 2012 | cohort study | children, children in utero, ≥ 7 years | until April 2010 | Denmark | migraine, headaches, headache-related symptoms (stomach aches or sickness) | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Danzer E et al. | 2023 | - | children, children in utero | 2012 - 2019 | USA | neurodevelopment | MRI |
Zvi E et al. | 2020 | cohort study | women, children, children in utero, newborns, 0–6 years | 2011 - 2017 | Israel | neurodevelopment: communication, daily living skills, socialization and motor skills | MRI |
Choi KH et al. | 2017 | cohort study | women, children, children in utero, 0–3 years | 2006 - 2010, follow-up at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of age | Korea | neurodevelopment: mental and psychomotor infant development | mobile communications, mobile phone, TETRA/TETRAPOL, PCS, CDMA, RF field, FM broadcast (UKW), Radio/TV transmitter, co-exposure, residential, personal |
Calvente I et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 9–11 years | 2000 - 2002, follow-up 2011 - 2012 | Spain | neuropsychological functions (intelligence quotient, verbal expression and comprehension, attention, verbal memory, visual-motor coordination, executive function (e.g., working memory, cognition inhibition, motor inhibition, abstract reasoning), processing speed) and behavioral problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, Bluetooth, DECT, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW), DVB-T, radar, wireless transmitter, intermediate frequency, residential |
Birks L et al. | 2017 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 5–7 years | 1996 - 2011 | Denmark, Netherlands, Korea, Norway, and Spain | overall behavioral problems, hyperactivity/inattention problems and emotional problems | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Thomas S et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2008 | Germany | overall behavioural problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer relationship problems) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, personal |
Cabré-Riera A et al. | 2022 | - | children, 9–12 years | not stated | the Netherlands and Spain | problems with initiating and maintaining sleep, excessive somnolence, sleep arousal problems, sleep quality, restfulness, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, RF field, DECT, Radio/TV transmitter, W-LAN/WiFi, laptop/tablet |
Baker PN et al. | 1994 | cross-sectional study | children, children in utero, 0–3 years | - | UK | reproductive effects and pregnancy outcomes, others | MRI |
Holland SK et al. | 2014 | cohort study | children, 5–18 years | 2000 - 2002 | USA | safety of MRI | MRI |
Huss A et al. | 2015 | cohort study | children, 6–8 years | 2003 - 2011 | The Netherlands | sleep-onset delay, sleep duration, night wakening, parasomnia, daytime sleepiness | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Zarei S et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children, children in utero, 3–5 years | 2014 | Iran | speech problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance |
Zarei S et al. | 2019 | - | women, children, children in utero, 3–7 years | 2016 | Iran | speech problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, W-LAN/WiFi, cordless phone, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, also other exposures without EMF |
Mortazavi SMJ et al. | 2018 | - | men, women, children, 11–79 years | not stated | Iran | subjective symptoms (e.g., headache, vertigo, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problem, attention problem, nervousness, back pain and toothache), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential |
Carlberg M et al. | 2016 | - | men, women, children, 0–80 years | 1970 - 2013 | Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland | thyroid cancer | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, also other exposures without EMF |
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