Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clements H et al. | 2000 | - | children in utero, newborns | not stated | UK | childhood development (adaptive, fine motor, gross motor, speech and language, and personal-social); neurological examination | MRI |
Vrijheid M et al. | 2010 | cohort study | children in utero, one year | July 2004 - July 2006 | Spain | mental and psychomotor development | mobile communications, mobile phone, personal |
Divan HA et al. | 2011 | cohort study | children, 0–7 years | 1996 - 2002, 2008 | Denmark | developmental delays of motor, cognitive, and language milestones | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Sudan M et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, 0–7 years | 1996 - 2002 | Denmark | hearing loss | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Redmayne M et al. | 2013 | cross-sectional study | children, 10–14 years | June - October 2009 | New Zealand | headache, feeling low, sleeping difficulties, tinnitus | mobile phone, mobile communications, DECT, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, personal |
Abramson MJ et al. | 2009 | cross-sectional study | children, 11–14 years | 2005 - 2006 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, simple learning, associative learning, movement monitoring/estimation, Stroop test) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Chiu CT et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 11–15 years | May 2010 - September 2010 | Taiwan | headaches/migraine and skin itches, insomnia, excess daytime sleepiness | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Thomas S et al. | 2010 | cohort study | children, 12–15 years | 2006 - 2007 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Schoeni A et al. | 2015 | cohort study | children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2014 | Switzerland | memory performance (verbal and figural memory) | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter |
Meo SA et al. | 2015 | cross-sectional study | children, 12–17 years | not stated | Saudi Arabia | glycated hemoglobin (HbA<sub>1c</sub>) | mobile phone base station, mobile communications, residential |
Foerster M et al. | 2018 | cohort study | children, 12–17 years | 2012 - 2014, follow-up 2016 | Switzerland | memory performance | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Milde-Busch A et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 13–17 years | not stated | Germany | headache (migraine, tension-type headache, miscellaneous headache) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Srujana Aravinda VS et al. | 2022 | - | children, 4–14 years | not stated | India | cellular changes in buccal mucosa | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Guxens M et al. | 2019 | cross-sectional study | children, 5 years | 2003 - 2010 | The Netherlands | emotional and behavioural problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, also other exposures without EMF |
Holland SK et al. | 2014 | cohort study | children, 5–18 years | 2000 - 2002 | USA | safety of MRI | MRI |
Guxens M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 5–6 years | 2003 - 2010 | The Netherlands | cognitive function: speed of information processing, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and visuomotor coordination | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Mortazavi SM et al. | 2011 | cross-sectional study | children, 6–16 years | not stated | Iran | headache, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problems, attention problems, nervousness | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, PC/TV monitor |
Huss A et al. | 2015 | cohort study | children, 6–8 years | 2003 - 2011 | The Netherlands | sleep-onset delay, sleep duration, night wakening, parasomnia, daytime sleepiness | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Byun YH et al. | 2013 | cohort study | children, 8–11 years | 2005 - 2006, follow-up 2009 - 2010 | Korea | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | mobile phone, mobile communications |
Redmayne M et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 8–11 years | 2011 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone |
Yamazaki K et al. | 2023 | - | children, 8–14 years | 2003 - 2020 | Japan | conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, peer problems and prosocial behavior | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, mobile phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, personal, residential |
Thomas S et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2008 | Germany | overall behavioural problems (emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer relationship problems) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, personal |
Heinrich S et al. | 2011 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2007 | Germany | chronic symptoms over the last 6 months: headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue, and fear, sleep disturbances | mobile phone, digital mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Heinrich S et al. | 2010 | cross-sectional study | children, 8–17 years | 2006 - 2008 | Germany | headache, irritation, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue and concentration problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, UMTS, mobile communications, RF field, DECT, W-LAN/WiFi, residential, personal |
Calvente I et al. | 2016 | cohort study | children, 9–11 years | 2000 - 2002, follow-up 2011 - 2012 | Spain | neuropsychological functions (intelligence quotient, verbal expression and comprehension, attention, verbal memory, visual-motor coordination, executive function (e.g., working memory, cognition inhibition, motor inhibition, abstract reasoning), processing speed) and behavioral problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, GSM, mobile communications, RF field, Bluetooth, DECT, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, TV broadcast (VHF/UHF), FM broadcast (UKW), AM radio transmitters, SW broadcast (KW), DVB-T, radar, wireless transmitter, intermediate frequency, residential |
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