Epidemiological studies of low and radio frequency exposure on children's health comprise the following studies:
Authors | Year | Study type | Study group | Observation period | Study location | Endpoints | Parameters |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kok RD et al. | 2004 | - | children, children in utero, newborns, 0–9 years | 1998 - 2000 | The Netherlands | birth weight, gestational age at birth, type of delivery, and arterial pH at birth, neurological evaluation (functioning of eyes and ears), gross and fine motor functioning, social development and communication | MRI |
Clements H et al. | 2000 | - | children in utero, newborns | not stated | UK | childhood development (adaptive, fine motor, gross motor, speech and language, and personal-social); neurological examination | MRI |
Buchner K et al. | 2011 | - | men, women, children, 2–68 years | January 2004 - July 2005 | Germany | level of adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, and phenylethylamine in urine | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM, residential |
Carlberg M et al. | 2016 | - | men, women, children, 0–80 years | 1970 - 2013 | Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Iceland | thyroid cancer | mobile phone, mobile communications, cordless phone, also other exposures without EMF |
Sudan M et al. | 2018 | - | children, children in utero, 4–6 years | - | Denmark, Spain, Korea | cognitive function | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Zarei S et al. | 2019 | - | women, children, children in utero, 3–7 years | 2016 | Iran | speech problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, W-LAN/WiFi, cordless phone, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, also other exposures without EMF |
Çöl N et al. | 2021 | - | women, children in utero, 0–5 years | - | Turkey | bedtime resistance, nighttime waking, waking up crying, difficulties in falling asleep, and mean sleep duration at nighttime and day- time | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, microw. oven/heating device, W-LAN/WiFi, other domestic appliance, residential |
Taziki Balajelini MH et al. | 2022 | - | men, women, children | - | Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Spain und Brazil | hearing impairment | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Cabré-Riera A et al. | 2022 | - | children, 9–12 years | not stated | the Netherlands and Spain | problems with initiating and maintaining sleep, excessive somnolence, sleep arousal problems, sleep quality, restfulness, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency and wake after sleep onset | mobile communications, mobile phone, mobile phone base station, RF field, DECT, Radio/TV transmitter, W-LAN/WiFi, laptop/tablet |
Mortazavi SMJ et al. | 2018 | - | men, women, children, 11–79 years | not stated | Iran | subjective symptoms (e.g., headache, vertigo, myalgia, palpitation, fatigue, tinnitus, concentration problem, attention problem, nervousness, back pain and toothache), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, residential |
Bektas H et al. | 2022 | - | children, children in utero | - | Turkey | general motor movements | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Srujana Aravinda VS et al. | 2022 | - | children, 4–14 years | not stated | India | cellular changes in buccal mucosa | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Felix OK et al. | 2014 | - | men, women, children | not stated | Nigeria | health effects (e.g., headache, loss of appetite), sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, GSM |
Zaghloul NM et al. | 2019 | - | men, women, children, 15–64 years | 2018 | Egypt | headache, vision problems, ear problems, musculo-skeletal problems, psychological troubles, social impact, weight changes, sleep disturbances | mobile communications, mobile phone |
Yamazaki K et al. | 2023 | - | children, 8–14 years | 2003 - 2020 | Japan | conduct problems, hyperactivity, emotional symptoms, peer problems and prosocial behavior | mobile communications, mobile phone base station, mobile phone, W-LAN/WiFi, Radio/TV transmitter, personal, residential |
Thamilselvan S et al. | 2021 | - | men, women, children, 5–50 years | not stated | India | micronuclei in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells | mobile communications, mobile phone base station |
Danzer E et al. | 2023 | - | children, children in utero | 2012 - 2019 | USA | neurodevelopment | MRI |
Zarei S et al. | 2015 | case-control study | children, children in utero, 3–5 years | 2014 | Iran | speech problems | mobile phone, mobile phone base station, mobile communications, cordless phone, W-LAN/WiFi, 50/60 Hz, power transmission line, PC/TV monitor, other domestic appliance |
Chartier AL et al. | 2019 | case-control study | women, children in utero, newborns | 2008 - 2015 | USA | birth weight, hearing impairment | MRI |
Divan HA et al. | 2008 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 7 years | November 2006 | Denmark | behavioral problems: conduct, hyperactivity, emotional, peer and social disorders | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Vrijheid M et al. | 2010 | cohort study | children in utero, one year | July 2004 - July 2006 | Spain | mental and psychomotor development | mobile communications, mobile phone, personal |
Thomas S et al. | 2010 | cohort study | children, 12–15 years | 2006 - 2007 | Australia | cognitive function (signal detection, working memory, learning, Stroop test) | mobile communications, digital mobile phone, personal |
Divan HA et al. | 2012 | cohort study | children, children in utero, 7 years | December 2008 | Denmark | behavioural problems | mobile communications, mobile phone, personal |
Divan HA et al. | 2011 | cohort study | children, 0–7 years | 1996 - 2002, 2008 | Denmark | developmental delays of motor, cognitive, and language milestones | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
Sudan M et al. | 2012 | cohort study | children, children in utero, ≥ 7 years | until April 2010 | Denmark | migraine, headaches, headache-related symptoms (stomach aches or sickness) | mobile phone, mobile communications, personal |
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