Physical mechanisms in neuroelectromagnetic therapies review

Endpoint

• effects on the neurological system: effects on brain/CNS function
• treatment/therapy: electromagnetic therapy and its physical mechansims (in neural application, e.g. cardiac pacemakers, nerve stimulation, electrode implantation, TMS)

Exposure

• • DC
  • 50/60 Hz
  • electric field
  • magnetic field
  • static magnetic field
  • low frequency
• • signals/pulses
  • therapeutic/medical device
  • electrotherapy
  • TMS (transcranial stimulation)