The Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields to Promote Bone Responses to Biomaterials In Vitro and In Vivo review

Endpoint

• cell viability/cell division/proliferation: effects on osteoblasts
• treatment/therapy: therapeutic applications in diseases of bones (e.g., fractures, bone loss); effects on osseointegration of implants (in vivo); osteoblast behavior on different biomaterials

Exposure

• • magnetic field
  • low frequency
  • intermediate frequency
  • RF
• • signals/pulses
  • therapeutic/medical device