Cardiac and skeletal muscle effects of electrical weapons : A review of human and animal studies review

Endpoint

• effects on the cardiovascular system: electrical safety standards; relevance of swine results to humans; human results; troponin changes
• effects on musculoskeletal systems: impact of electrical weapons on the muscoskeletal system (e.g., level of creatine kinase, myoglobin)
• implants/medical devices: interactions of electrical weapons with pacemakers (e.g., inhibition) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (e.g., inappropriate shock); acute clinical data

Exposure

• • touch current
• • electroshock weapon/TASER