Unraveling the mechanistic effects of electric field stimulation towards directing stem cell fate and function: A tissue engineering perspective review

Endpoint

• cell viability/cell division/proliferation: stem cell proliferation, stem cell migration and orientation, stem cell lineage commitment, osteogenic differentiation, neurogenic differentiation, cardiomyogenic differentiation
• angiogenesis
• cell function: signal transduction pathway, Ca²⁺ transients, ATP synthesis
• morphol./histopathol. changes: cytoskeletal reorganization and actin distribution, surface receptor redistribution
• molecular biosynthesis: heat shock protein production, reactive oxygen species production
• treatment/therapy: ^{in vivo} effects of electrical stimulation

Exposure

• • DC
  • electric field
• • electric current application