Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields stimulation modulates autoimmunity and immune responses: a possible immuno-modulatory therapeutic effect in neurodegenerative diseases review

Endpoint

• treatment/therapy: TMS, low-frequency magnetic field stimulation, low-frequency electromagnetic field stimulation, tDCS
• effects on the neurological system: neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis
• effects on the immune system: immunostimulation, immunomodulation, autoimmunity, chemokine production
• cell function: oxidative stress, nitric oxide production, lymphocyte activity, electrotaxis
• molecular biosynthesis: gene expression, protein biosynthesis, heat shock protein synthesis

Exposure

• • 5–60 Hz
  • 50/60 Hz
  • electric field
  • magnetic field
  • static magnetic field
  • low frequency
• • signals/pulses
  • tDCS
  • therapeutic/medical device
  • TMS (transcranial stimulation)