Ethics of the electrified mind: defining issues and perspectives on the principled use of brain stimulation in medical research and clinical care review

Endpoint

• treatment/therapy: comparison of brain stimulation techniques (rTMS, tDCS, and deep brain stimulation), ethical challenges, nonmalefience and benefience, autonomy and justice

Exposure

• • DC
  • magnetic field
• • signals/pulses
  • electric current application
  • tDCS
  • TMS (transcranial stimulation)