Effects of external electrical and magnetic fields on pacemakers and defibrillators: from engineering principles to clinical practice review

Endpoint

• implants/medical devices: design features of cardiac pacemakers and ICDs, electromagnetic interference sources, potential interference effects
• guidelines/safety: precautionary measures, safety protocol, management of patients undergoing medical treatment

Exposure

• • electric field
  • magnetic field
  • intermediate frequency
  • touch current
  • RF
  • microwaves
• • electric current application
  • metal detector gate
  • therapeutic/medical device
  • other domestic appliance
  • high volt./current device/welder
  • mobile communications
  • mobile phone
  • MRI
  • audio/video dev.
  • electroshock weapon/TASER
• • occupational
  • residential
  • personal